Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CH344 > AP - Eye & Ear, Parenteral, Nasal & Pulmonary Drug Delivery > Flashcards

AP - Eye & Ear, Parenteral, Nasal & Pulmonary Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

Preformulation information?

A
  • solubility
  • pKa
  • stability (in solution, formulation and API itself)
  • log P
  • toxicity profile
  • analytical assay
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Auricular or Otic or Aural drug delivery means drug delivery to the…

A

ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Since drug is only applied to outer part of ear, drug is not absorbed ________.

A

systemically. Therefore, topical drug delivery rules apply.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In order to have a stable suspension, and want some interaction between a drug with average-low water solubility, and the solvent, you can add a ________.

A

Wetting agent - surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can modify viscosity?

A

Gelling agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a few flocculating agents.

A
  • Electrolytes (sodium salts - acetate, phosphate)
  • ionic surfactants
  • polymeric agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you prepare a suspension

A

Dissolve buffer in solvent. Add buffering agent, preservative and gelling agent (viscosity modifier) and mix to get uniform clear solution. Add the API last and mix thoroughly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

During suspension preparation, why is the API added last?

A

To ensure only API is suspended and not the other excipients such as gelling agent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the stability tests for suspensions? (Three things)

A
  • Particle size analysis (make sure it hasn’t increased in size as this can cause local irritation)
  • Viscosity
  • Degree of flocculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ocular drug delivery are used for…

A

the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eye formulations are delivered ______

A

locally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Solutions can be dispensed as _____ and _____

A

drops and irrigation solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Suspensions can be dispensed as ______

A

drops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Particle size for eyes must be

A

< 100um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eye drops or anything administered to eyes MUST be

A

sterile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Buffering capacity for eye should have a pH of _____

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define parenteral drug delivery.

A

Administration of drug not through alimentary canal but rather by injection through an alternate route e.g. subcutaneous (under skin), IM (depot injections - oily solutions), IV (can be short acting/ long acting infusions), IA (infusions), IS (anti cancer, epidural), ID (vaccines), IC (adrenaline) e.t.c.

18
Q

What are some reasons for using parenteral drug delivery?

A
  1. If drug is not stable in GI tract and cannot go through any other route of administration e.g. insulin
  2. GI enzymatic activity
  3. Low absorption –> 1st pass metabolism
  4. Variable absorption from patient to patient
19
Q

Advantages of parenteral?

A
  • Quick drug delivery
  • Rapid onset of action
  • Ideal alternative when oral therapy is not possible
  • Accurate dosage
  • Used for systemic and local effect
  • Implants and depot for prolonged action
  • Suitable for parenteral nutrition and for continuous medication
20
Q

Disadvantages of parenteral?

A
  • Patient compliance
  • Administered by trained medical professionals
  • Once administered, no way it can be altered –> nearly impossible to reverse the effects
  • Stringent manufacturing and packing requirements leading to higher production costs
21
Q

Types of parenteral formulations

A
  • Solutions (can be dispensed individually as powders with a separate solvent)
  • Suspensions (can be dispensed individually as powders with a separate vehicle)
  • Liposomes
  • Emulsions
22
Q

What is the dose for small volume parenteral products?

A

0.1ml - 1.5ml

single bolus injection suitable for i.m, s.c, i.v etc

23
Q

What is the dose for large volume parenteral products?

A

> 100ml

usually for parenteral nutrition

24
Q

Choice of small volume or large volume depends on…

A

if you want it to act immediately (SVP) or over a long period of time (LVP).

25
Q

Disadvantage of SVP?

A
  • Fixed conc (manufacturer regulated)

- If frozen –> thawing –> can lead to altered product stability.

26
Q

What are the excipients for injections?

A

PASSBV

  • Preservatives
  • Antioxidants
  • Solvents; aqueous - water for injection; aqueous miscible - propylene glycol, glycerol, PEG
  • Solubilising agents e.g. surfactants
  • Buffers; salts e.g. NaCl
  • Viscosity modifiers e.g. methylcellulose
27
Q

Water for injection is obtained by which process? ______ or _______ _______

A

Distillation or Reverse osmosis

28
Q

Water for injection is free from _____, ______ and _______

A

particulates, pyrogens and bacteria.

29
Q

Water for injection; quick production to utility to minimise _________

A

contamination.

30
Q

Water miscible solvents are used as co-solvents to increase _______/ _______.

A

solubility/ stability.

31
Q

Non aqueous are usually used for _______

A

intramuscular depot injections

32
Q

Preservatives are used at much lower concentrations for parenteral injections than topical formulations. Why?

A

Because they are sterile manufactured or stabilised. Therefore, need to keep small amounts to maintain sterility.

33
Q

What are buffer salts used for in parenteral drugs?

A

To stabilise the drug.

34
Q

What is blood osmolality value?

A

280 - 303 milliosmoles.

35
Q

Which is preferred hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

Hypertonic

36
Q

Nacl, dextrose and mannitol are all?

A

Tonicity modifiers

37
Q

What are some buffers used in parenteral products?

A 
Ammonium
Acetate
Bicarbonate
Citrate (used for acidic)
Phosphate (used for ph 5-7)
38
Q

If parenteral product is sterile, only need to add preservative if… ?

A

multi dose units are used

39
Q

If a drug has poor water solubility what can you do?

A
  • pH manipulation –> make it more acidic/ alkaline
  • use co-solvents
  • surfactants
  • complexing agents
  • emulsions
  • NEED TO ANALYSE STABILITY OF FINAL PRODUCT BEFORE GOING AHEAD.
40
Q

Particle size for suspension in injections is

A

< 5um

41
Q

What are some adverse effects following parenteral administration

A
  • Precipitation
  • Haemolysis due to hypotonic formulations
  • Pain (IM route due to pH or co-solvent conc)
  • Phlebitis - pain, oedema
42
Q

What is the QC or injections?

A

sterility test
pyrogen test
particulate matter
microscopic test

CH344 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions