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Hematology > Kirks > Flashcards

Kirks Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclophosphamide: mechanism of action

A

Alkylation of DNA during S phase = inhibit replication

Suppressed both T cell and Ab production

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2
Q

Cyclophosphamide: side effects

A

Alopécie, GI, myelosuppression, hemorrhagic cystitis

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3
Q

Azathioprine: mechanism of action

A

Purine analogue (inhibits purine synthesis)

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4
Q

Azathioprine side effected

A

Myelosuppression, liver and pancreatitis

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5
Q

Methotrexate: mechanism of action

A

Inhibition of folic acid reductase = Affect production of purines and pyrimidines (S phase)

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6
Q

IMHA: 2 types and their pathogenesis

A

Extravascular (splenic) = macrophages ans CD4 T

Intravascular (blood) = complement mediated

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7
Q

IMHA: negative prognosticators

A

Hyperbilirubinemia, Evans, leukocytosis, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated cytokines (IL-18)

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8
Q

Effects of steroids when use for IMHA

A

Decrease cytokines production, decrease phagocytosis, induce lymphocyte apoptosis

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9
Q

Which breeds have lower platelet count?

A

Cavalier King Charles and greyhound

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10
Q

4 mechanisms of thrombocytopenia

A

1) Decreased production of megakaryocytes
2) increased consumption/destruction
3) sequestration (splenic congestion, hepatomegaly, hypothermia, endotoxemia)
4) excessive loss

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11
Q

Breeds associates with ITP

A

German Shepherd, poodles, old English sheepdogs

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12
Q

Hereditary coagulation deficiency: prolonged PTT, normal PT

A 
Intrinsic pathway ( VIII, IX, XI) 
Contact pathway (XII)
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13
Q

Hereditary coagulation deficiency

Prolonged PT, normal PTT

A

VII

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14
Q

Hereditary coagulation deficiency

Both PT and PTT prolongation

A 
Common pathway ( II, V, X)
Vitamin K
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15
Q

Vitamin K factors

A

II, VII, IX, X

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16
Q

Hereditary coagulation deficiency: all normal

A

vWB

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17
Q

Types of vonWillebrand

A 
1) partial quantitative deficiencies 
2A) loss of large multimers (German short haired and wirehaired) 
3) complète deficiency
Kooiker and scottish-terrier: heritable
Shetland sheepdogs
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18
Q

Types of hemophilia

A

A) VIII
B) IX

Both are essential activator of X

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19
Q

Hemophilia affects which gender

A

Males

20
Q

Autosomal factors deficiencies

A

-Fibrinogen
-VII ( interacts with tissue to initiate coagulation)
Beagles, Alaskan Klee kai, deerhounds, malamutes, cats
-XI
Kerry blue terriers, springer, cats
-XII (hagement)
Not clinical even with marked prolonged PT and PTT
Cats!

21
Q

Plasma coagulation factors

1) FFP
2) cryoprecipitate
3) cryosupernatant

A 
1) FFP
All and vWB
2) cryoprecipitate
VWD, fibrinogen, VIII
3) cryosupernatant
II, VII, IX, XI
22
Q

What is the main stimulus for thrombin formation in DIC

A

TF:factor VIIa

Which activates IX and X

23
Q

Anticoagulants suppress in DIC ?

A

1-AT
Via increased consumption, increased degradation, decreased synthesis by liver and increased loss by capillaries permeability

2- Protein C:S

24
Q

Pathogenesis of DIC

A

1) increased thrombin formation
2) suppression of anticoagulant
3) impaired fibrinolysis
4) activation of inflammatory pathway

25
Q

Inflammatory pathway in DIC

A

TNF-a : factor VII
IL-1: factor VII
IL-6: factor XII

26
Q

Peracute DIC lab changes

A

Decreases coagulation times

27
Q

Acute DIC lab changes?

A

Increased coagulation times

28
Q

Which factors are inactivated by heparin?

A

XII, XI, IX, X and thrombin

29
Q

Virchow triad

A

Hyper coagulation
Vascular injury
Altered blood flow

30
Q

Protection against thrombosis

A

1) thrombomodulin
Binds thrombin - activates C - combines with S - inactive V and VIII

2) plasminogen
Activates fibrinolysis

31
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis in dogs

A 
Lymphoproliferative disorders
Thymoma 
Addison’s 
Erlichia
Babesia
32
Q

Pathogenesis and main differential for granular lymphocytosis ?

A

CD8 from the spleen

Erlichia

33
Q

Which marker for B leukemia

A

CD21

34
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis in cats

A 
CLL
Other lymphoproliferative disorders 
Methimazole
Cushing
IMHA
Infection ( toxoplasmosis, FIV, FeLV)
35
Q

Bone marrow aspirate results in

1) PRA
2) aplastic anemia

A

-PRA : nonregenerative anemia, increased M:E ratio
Dog: plasma cell hyperplasia, cats: lymphocytosis

-Aplastic anemia: lack of production of all cells = hypocellular marrow with fat

36
Q

Causes of aplastic anemia

A

Cats: CKD, FeLV and methimazole
Dogs: TMS, fenbendazole and estrogen

37
Q

Excess blast disorders associated with which condition in cats?

A

FeLV

38
Q

What causes type B in cats?

A

Mutation in enzyme cytidine

39
Q

Which type of anemia is associated with FeLV?

A

Nonregenerative macrocytic

40
Q

What are the main sources of interleukins ?

A

Th lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages

41
Q

IL-2 provides a proliferation signal that results in differentiation of which cells?

A

Th

42
Q

What are the signature cytokines of Th1?

A

IL-2, INF-y and TNF-a

43
Q

Which Interleukin is dominant into induction of Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

44
Q

Which interleukin is a multifunctional cytokine with effects on variety of cellular targets (B cells, T cells, hematopoietic precursors)

A

Il-6

45
Q

What is te cytokines profile of humoral response?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13

Hematology (3 decks)

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