Kirila and Dobson random stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is MUDPILES?

A
  • Methanol
  • Uremia
  • DKA
  • Paraldeyde
  • Iron and Isoniazid
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Ethanol/ethylene glycol
  • Salicylates

HAGMA DDx

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2
Q

What is GOLDMARK

A
  • Glycols
  • Oxoproline (acetaminophen toxicity)
  • L lactic acidosis
  • D lactic acidosis
    • colonic metabolism of carbs by bacteria, seen in short bowel syndrome
  • Methanol
  • Aspirin
  • Renal failure
  • Ketoacidosis

HAGMA Metabolic Acidosis

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3
Q

What acid base disorder is Hyperkalemia assoc. with?

A

acidosis

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4
Q

What electrolyte abnormality is alkalosis assoc. with?

A

hypokalemia

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5
Q

Metabolic alkalosis DDx?

A
  • vomit or NG tube suctioning
  • Diuretics
  • Volume depletion
  • Excess mineralocorticoid
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6
Q

DURHAAM?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Ureteral diversion
  • RTA
  • Hyperalimentation
  • Acetazolamide
  • Addisons
  • Miscellaneous
    • toluene toxicity from glue sniffing, pancreatic fistula, meds

NAGMA

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7
Q

In metabolic alkalosis, when will a patient be saline responsive?

A

If they are hypovolemic (contrarction alkalosis or Cl deficiency alkalosis)

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8
Q

In what state would a patient with metabolic alkalosis not be saline responsive?

A

Euvolemia or hypervolemia

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9
Q

What causes increased serum osmolality gap?

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Diethylene glycol
  • Isopropyl alcohol
  • Ethylene glycol
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10
Q

COPD is associated with what acid base disorder?

A

Respiratory acidosis

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11
Q

What can lisinopril do to electrolytes?

A

up potassium

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12
Q

Interstitital Cystitis?

A
  • unknown etiology occurs in women
  • pain pressure discomfort related to bladder assoc. with urinary tract sx for 6+ weeks in absence of infection
  • Mucosal fissures and punctate hemorrhages present
  • mast cells present
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13
Q

Malakoplakia?

A
  • chornic inflammatory reaction in bladder due to macrophage dysfunction
  • assoc. with E.coli chronic infection
  • Michaelis Gutmann bodies
    • laminated concretions from deposition of calcium in enlarged lysosomes of macrophages
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14
Q

Polypoid cystitis?

A

Inflammatory lesion fromo irritation of bladder mucosa due to instrumentation. Bladder mcuosa has broad bulbous polypoid projections due to edema. may be mistaken for papillary urothelial carcinoma.

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15
Q

Cystitis glandularis and cystitis cystica?

A
  • arise in setting of inflammation and metaplasia
  • extensive multifoal intestinal metaplasa is precursor to adenocarcinoma
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16
Q

Squamous metaplasia?

A
  • response to chronic injury
  • extensive multifocal keratinizing squamous metaplais precursor to dysplasticlesions and in situ scc
17
Q

Nephrogenic adenoma?

A
  • not true form of metaplasia
  • urothelium is foally replaced by cuboidal epithelium that looks papillary
  • produce signs and sx of cancer but not cancerous’
18
Q

Bladder cancer prognosis and most common type of cell line?

A
  • urothelial neoplasms most common type
  • lamina propria worsens prognosis and detrusor invasion has major decrease in survival
19
Q

Most common type of bladder carcinoma in kids?

A

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, manifests as polypoid grape like mass

20
Q

Common bladder sarcoma in adults

A

Leiomyosarcoma

21
Q

Seminoma?

A
  • most common GCT peak in 4th decade
  • large round polyheadral cells distinct clear watery cytoplasm
  • stains for KIT & OCT¾
  • elevated hCG
  • best prognosis
22
Q

Embryonal carcinoma?

A
  • 20-30 yr
  • large anaplastic cells, hyperchormatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli
  • vasuclar invasion
  • aggressive chemo
  • negative kit positive OCT¾
23
Q

Yolk sac tumor?

A
  • Schiller Duval bodies has to be yolk sac tumor- malignant cells surrounding vascular core
  • Eosinophilic hyaline like globules with AFP
  • the pre pubertal tumor is the most common testicular tumor in kids up to 3 and has good prognosis
24
Q

Choricocarcionoma?

A
  • highly malignant GCT
  • syncytiotrophoblasts are the large multinucleated cells with eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm containing hCG
  • Cytotrophoblasts are polygnal with distinct borders and clear cytoplasm
  • Hemorrhage and necrosis common
  • aggressive chemo
25
Q

Teratoma?

A
  • multiple germ cell componenets
  • second most common in infants and kids to yolk sac
  • adults is rare
26
Q

Presentation of testicular cancers?

A
  • painless enlargement of testis (osmosis had painless hematuria also)
  • weight loss, maybe fever
  • If lymphoma then constitutional symptoms
  • any solid mass is considred neoplastic until proven otherwise
  • DO NOT BIOPSY
27
Q

Leydig cell tumor? (sex cord gonadal tumor)

A
  • Reinke crystalloids
  • large cells round or polygonal cell outlines, abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • lipid droplets vacuoles or lipofuscin in cytoplasm
  • excision is tx
  • yellow bc steroid secreting
28
Q

Sertoli cell tumors?

A
  • rare & hormonally silent
  • most are benign but some are malignant
  • assoc with carney complex, peutz jeghers, and FAP
  • cells arranged in trabeculae that form cord like structures
  • excision is tx
29
Q
A

Primary testicular lymphoma,

rare and common over 60, most are difffuse large B cell

30
Q

What zone of prostate does BPH affect the most?

A

Transition zone

31
Q

What is the most common form of cancer in men?

A

Adenocarcinoma of prostate

32
Q

Risks for prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A
  • red meat
  • androgen dependence
  • genetics
  • DNA methylation
33
Q

Where does carcinoma of the prostate arise?

A

Peripiheral zone

34
Q

RPF/Ormond disease?

A
  • extensive fibrosis in retroperitoneum centered over anterior surfce of 4th and 5th lumbar
  • entrapment & obstruction of ureters
    • ureters deviate to midline on imagining with contrast
  • late to middle age males
  • AI response to ceroid that leaked through artery walls from atheromatous plaques
  • spectrum of IgG4 disease
  • methysergide and methyldopa and adrenergic blockers associated
35
Q

25 yr old male from indonesia complains about a painful enlarged right testicle, he has a fever, and N/V.Here are the biopsies. What could be the causative agent?

A

mycobacteria causing orchitis

36
Q

Testicular torsion sx?

A
  • edematous tender indurated testicle
  • testicle is horizontal and high riding
  • cremasteric reflex is absent
  • Phren sign is + (lift scrotum and pain relieves iin the epididymitis and increases in torsion)
  • doppler shows decreaased perfusion