kingdom systems

Question 1

who proposed the first biological classification?

Answer 1

The biological classification was first proposed by Aristotle who used simple morphological characters to classify plants and animals.

He further classified animals into enaima(RBC absent) and anaima (RBC present) and plants to herbs, shrubs and trees.

Question 2

what is artificial classification?

Answer 2

–artificial classification The ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of non-evolutionary features

–In this type of classification, plants are classified on the basis of one or two morphological characters i.e. overall morphology is not considered.
–An artificial system of classification was adopted by Pliny the Elder for animals on the basis of habitat, e.g. land, air and water.
–The classification proposed by Linnaeus is artificial.
Linnaeus classified the plant kingdom into 24 classes on the basis of only two characters-stamens and style in his book ‘Genera Planatarium’.

Question 3

what is natural classification?

Answer 3

In this type, plants are classified on the basis of their complete morphology. In it, the classification of the whole plant is included (like stem, root, leaves, flowers etc). Maximum characters are taken as the base in this classification.
The first natural system of plant classification was proposed by Schimper (1879) followed by Eichler (1833).
Natural classification is believed to be the best classification because it represents the natural similarities and dissimilarities of plants i.e. it represents the inter-relationship among plants.
In this classification, the plants belonging to the same group show many similarities, while in artificial classification, the plants belonging to the same group show only, one or two similar characters. They have many dissimilarities.
Natural classification is of two types - natural formal and natural phylogenetic.
In Natural formal classification, the phylogeny of the plant is not considered i.e. only the morphology of the plant is considered.
In Natural phylogenetic classification, both morphology and phylogeny are considered. In phylogenetic classification, the plants are arranged on the basis of their evolution.

Question 4

who gave the concept of phylogeny?

Answer 4

Ernest Hackel

Question 5

who gave a broad explanation of phylogeny in his book?

Answer 5

Charles darwin

Question 6

what is Genealogy?

Answer 6

Genealogy is the Sequence of evolution

Genealogy of plant kingdom: Thallophyta → Bryophyta → Pteridophyta → Gymnosperm → Angiosperm (Most advanced plants).

Question 7

what is numerical classification?

Answer 7

numerical classification or adansonian system or phenetic classification is the classification plants on the basis of numbers of similarities and dissimilarities.
In this, importance to a single character is not given, all characters have the same importance. While, in natural classification, floral (reproductive) characters have more importance than vegetative (root, stem and leaves) characters.

Question 8

who is CAROLUS LINNAEUS?

Answer 8

1)He is known as the father of taxonomy, father of plant
taxonomy and father of animal taxonomy.

2)Linnaeus gave the two kingdoms system of classification. He grouped plants and animals into kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia respectively.

3) Linnaeus wrote many books. Some important books are:
a) Hortus uplandicus - The first book

b) In “Philosophia botanica,” Linnaeus gave the principles of nomenclature.
c) In “Systema Naturae,” Linnaeus gave the scientific names of animals. In this book, he gave a detailed description of the animal kingdom. He also gave the outline classification of the plant kingdom in this book.

d)In “Genera Plantarum,” Linnaeus gave a detailed description of the plant kingdom.
The main basis of Linnaeus classification was the “sex organs”. Therefore, this classification is also known as “Sexual classification”.

e)InSpecies plantarum - last book (1753), he gave the scientific names of plants. (He gave the description of 6000 plant species).

Question 9

EXPLAIN THE TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION?

Answer 9

-done by Carolus Linnaeus.
kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia
criteria:
1)locomotion
2)cell wall
3)mode of nutrition
4)response to external stimuli
5)contractile system

Question 10

what are the drawbacks of the two kingdom classification?

Answer 10

1) didn’t distinguish between unicellular and multicellular
2) )didn’t distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
3) v photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic

Question 11

explain the three kingdom classification?

Answer 11

–Haeckel gave the three kingdoms system of classification (1866).

–Haeckel established the kingdom Protista.
The term ‘Protista’ was given by C. Cuvier.

– Haeckel classified living organisms into Protista, Plantae, Animalia

–Haeckel grouped those living organisms in Protista which did not have tissues.
Kingdom Protista includes prokaryotes, protozoa, Porifera, algae and fungi.

Question 12

drawbacks of the three kingdom system?

Answer 12

1This system of classification was not accepted because it includes both unicellular prokaryotic & eukaryotic unicellular in the same kingdom

2)chlorophyllous and non-chlorophyllous organisms together.

Question 13

explain the four kingom sisytem.

Answer 13

COPELAND (1956)He gave the four kingdom system of classification.

1) Mycota: Dougherty and Allen gave the name “Monera” to Mycota of Copeland. All the prokaryotes are grouped in Monera. E.g., bacteria, mycoplasma, blue-green algae.
2) Protista or Prototista: Copeland grouped those eukaryotes in Protista, which are visually different from normal plants and animals. Eg, brown algae, red algae, fungi, protozoa
3) Plantae or Metaphyta: Remaining all eukaryotic plants are grouped into this kingdom.
4) Animalia or Metazoa: Remaining all eukaryotic animals are grouped into this kingdom.

Question 14

what are the drawbacks of the four kingdom system?

Answer 14

1fungi has cell wall so was placed in the plant kingdom

fungi cannot synthesis its own food

Question 15

explain the criteria for the five-kingdom system?

Answer 15

–R.H. WHITTAKER (1969) gave the five-kingdom system of classification.

• -criteria –
  a) cell structure: Cell is prokaryote or eukaryote, on this basis, Kingdom Monera is formed and all the prokaryotes are grouped into it.
  b) thallus organisation(body differentiated or not)

c) nutrition(heterotrophic or autotrophic)
d) phylogenetic relationship
e) reproduction

Question 16

what are the five kingdoms given by whittaker?

Answer 16

1) Monera: It includes all the prokaryotes (Eubacteria, Actinomycetes, blue-green algae, Mycoplasma) and Akaryote (virus).
2) Protista: It includes all the unicellular eukaryotes (Protozoans, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Slime moulds).
3) Mycota: It includes true fungi.
4) Plantae: It includes multicellular eukaryotic plants (Algae, Bryophyte, Pteridophyte, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm).
5) Animalia: It includes multicellular animals.

Question 17

explain the six kingdom classification?

Answer 17

–Carl Woese proposed the six-kingdom classification.

– These six kingdoms are Kingdom Archaebacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.

–Woese found that the six kingdoms naturally cluster into three main categories, based on the sequence of 16s ribosomal RNA genes. He called these categories domains of life.

–These domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

–He also believed that these domains have originated from common ancestors called Progenote.

• Archaebacteria are the oldest known living organisms. They are single-celled and thrive in extremely hot boiling water found in environments.
  pseudomurein cell wall with lipid monolayer of plasma membrane

– Eubacteria are also single-celled bacterial organisms. Eubacteria are very common and well-known to us as parasites but some bacteria are also commensal and used for the production of many antibiotics or food materials. peptidoglycan cell wall with lipid bilayerof plasma membrane

– The Fungi kingdom is recognizable to us like mushrooms, moulds, mildews, and yeasts. Fungi are multi-celled organisms.

– Protista or Protozoa are single-celled organisms but are more complex than eubacteria. The Protista kingdom includes algae and slime moulds.

– The Plantae kingdom includes all flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. Plants are multi-celled, complex organisms and are Autotrophic except for a few.

– The largest kingdom is the Kingdom of Animalia. There is a wide variety of organisms ranging from sponges to blue whales.