Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bot_bio_class_fication > kingdom monera > Flashcards

kingdom monera Flashcards

1
Q

what is kingdom monera?

A

1)bacterias are the sole members
2)they are present everywhere
3)first inhabitants of the earth
they can survive really harsh environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the general characters of kingdom monera?

?

A

1) Monera (Monos - single) includes prokaryotes.
2) They are typically unicellular organisms (but one group is mycelial).
3) ds DNA with non-histone protein and no nuclear membrane called nucleoid/genophore/incipient nucleus/prochromosmes
4) Ribosomes and simple chromatophores are the only subcellular organelles in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes are the 70S.
5) Sap vacuoles do not occur. Instead, a gas vacuole may be present.
6) The predominant mode of nutrition is heterotrophic but some are autotrophic. autotrophic is photosynthesis or chemosynthetic and heterotrophy is symbiotic, parasitic or saprotrophic
7) The organisms are non-motile or move by beating of simple flagella or by gliding.

8)Flagella, if present, are composed of many intertwined chains of the protein flagellin. They are not enclosed by any membrane and grow at the tip.
Moneran cells are microscopic (1 to few microns in length).

9) Most organisms bear a rigid cell wall (peptidoglycan).
10) Reproduction is primarily asexual by binary fission or budding. exchange of genetic material occurs through conjugation-parasexual reproduction
11) It includes bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma and cyanobacteria.
12) respiratory enzymes are found associated with the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

explain the different shapes of monera?

A

1) spherical coccus
2) rod-shaped bacillus -most common
3) spiral spirillum

4)comma-shaped vibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

explain respiration in bacteria?

A

1) aerobic respiration:
- O2present
- respiratory enzyme present
- release more energy
- bacterias that undergo aerobic respiration si called aerobes

2) anaerobic respiration:
- O2absent
- respiratory enzyme absent
- release less energy
- bacterias that undergo anaerobic respiration si called anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain aerobes?

A

1) obligate aerobes
- die in the absence of O2
- requires O2 for survival
eg: bacillus subtilis

2) facultative aerobes
- survives in the absence and presence of O2
- eg: pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

explain anaerobes?

A

1) obligate aerobes
- die in the presence of O2
- requires absence O2 for survival
eg: clostridium botulicum

2) facultative aerobes
- survives in the absence and presence of O2
- eg: chlorobium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain nutrition in bacteria.

A

they are divided into:

1) autotrophic: are able to synthesize their own food from inorganic substances, as green plants do. Their carbon is derived from carbon dioxide. The hydrogen needed to reduce carbon to organic form comes from sources such as atmospheric H2, H2S or NH3.
- chemosynthetic: chemicals
- photosynthesis: based on sun

2) heterotrophic: can not synthesize their own organic food. They are dependent on external organic materials and require at least one organic compound as a source of carbon for their growth and energy.
a) saprotrophic
b) symbiotic
c) parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain chemosynthetic nutrition?

A

depend on the oxidation of inorganic substances for nutrition.

  • helps in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen ,phosphorus , iron and sulphur
    1) nitrifying:
  • NH3 -> NO2
    eg: Nitrosomonas , nitrococcus
  • NO2 ->NO3
    eg: nitrobacteria , nitrocyctis

2) iron bacteria
- FE^2+ -> FE ^3+
eg: leptothrix,ferrobascilus

3)hydrogen bacteria
-H2-H20
eg;hydrogenmonas

4) sulphur bacteria
- H2S->S
eg: beggiatoa
- S -> H2SO4
eg: thiobacillus thioxidans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explain photoautotrophic nutrition?

A

-in bacteria, does not release oxygen thus called anoxygenic
- needs an electron (not from water)to convert co2 to glucose
-hydrogen is picked up by NAD+ to form NADH, NADH along with ATP is used to reduce CO2 to glucose
-splitting of water is not invovled
1)photolithograph:
a used inorganic sulphur compound as e- and H+ donors
based on pigment dived into :
-purple sulphur bacteria: uses bacteriopurpin(purple colour pigment)
eg: thiobascillus, thioprillium chromatium
-green sulphur bacteria:
- uses bacteriovirdin or bacteriochlorophyll( chlorobium chlorophyll)
-uses H2S as e- and H+ donors
eg;chlorobium

2)photoorganotroph: uses non-Sulpher aliphatic compounds as e- and H+ donors.
based on pigment:
- purple non-sulphur bacteria: uses bacteriopurpin
eg: rhodosprillium, rhodopseudomonas
-green non-sulphur bacteria: uses bacterioviridin or bacteriochlorophyll
eg: chloronema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain saprotrophic nutrition.

A
  • living bacteria obtain food from organic remains, e.g., animal excreta, fallen leaves, vegetables, etc.
  • feeds on dead and decaying matter
  • converts complex organic substances to a simple substances with help of digestive enzymes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explain symbiotic relation.

A
  • live in mutually beneficial association with other organisms. Eg., E.coli, rhizobium leguminosarum
  • they are gram -ve
  • rhizobium leguminosarumlives in the root nodules of legumnius plants.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain parasitic nutrition

A
  • obtains nourishment or special organic compounds required for growth from the host organism.
  • if it causes disease in the host then its called pathogenic otherwise called non-pathogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

give examples of bacterias involved in nitrogen fixation.

A

1) rizobium leguminsarum
2) azotobacter , beijerinckia, kelbsiella are aerobiac and free living
3) clostridum pasteurianum is anerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain binary fission in bacterias .

A

during favourable conditions like optimum temperature, enough space, enough nutrients etc.
the cell undergoes amitosis or binary division.
it has 3 steps:
1)DNA division
- the dividing dna looks like greek letter theta thus called theta model
- suggested by cairn thus caled cairn’s theta model

2) mesosome division
3) cross wall formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do bacterias do during unfavourable conditions?

A

during unfavourable conditions, the bacteria form a perenating structure/organ for perenation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain endospore formation

A
  • -endospore formation
  • triggered during unfavourable conditions
  • each bacteria forms an endospore
  • can survive in extreme temperatures: -100 to 100 degrees celsius

-this resistance is due to the presence of calcium dipicolinic (ca-DPA)in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the different methods of sexual recombination/parasexual reproduction/ genetic reproduction?

A

1) transformation. by griffith(1938)
eg: ,diplococcus pneumoniae,streptococcus pneumonia
2) conjugation by ledberg& tatum(1946)
eg: E.coli
3) transduction : lederberg and ziner (1952)
eg: salmonella typhimurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain the characteristics of the s3 strain of streptococcus pneumonia?

A

1) s3 strain(s= smooth):
- cultured: smooth colonies
- mucous polysaccharide coat present
- virulent
- pathogenic
- causes pneumonia in the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain the characteristics of R2 strain of streptococcus pneumonia?

A

r2 strain(r= rough):

  • cultured: rough colonies
  • mucous polysaccharide coat absent
  • avirulent
  • not pathogenic
20
Q

explain the griffith’s experiment?

A

host: mice
bacteria: streptococcus pneumonia

1) live s3 strain -mice - death
2) live r2 strain - mice - alive
3) heat-killed S3 strain - mice - alive

4) live R2 strain + heat-killed S3-mice - death
- on extraction of blood from the mice in the 4 th step, living S3 strain was found

conclusion: some substance transferred from heat-killed S3 strain to R2 strain that turned R 2 strain to S 3 strain.

21
Q

explain The Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

A
  • -in vitro / glass
    • extracted protein RNA & DNA from heat killed S3

1) added the protein to a test tube with R2 strain-no change .
2) added the RNA to a test tube with R2 strain-no change

3) added the DNA to a test tube with R2 strain- R2 transformed into S2
4) added the DNA and Dnnase(dna digesting enzyme) to a test tube with R2 strain-no change

therefore DNA is the material that transformed R2 to S3

22
Q

what is transformation?

A

Bacterial transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment. … The prerequisite for bacteria to undergo transformation is its ability to take up free, extracellular genetic material. Such bacteria are termed as competent cells.

23
Q

explain The Hershey-Chase Experiments ?

A

-by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
-(A) bacteriophage- DNA contain phosphorous
-(B) bacteriophage -protein contains
sulphur((cyestine.methionine)

The experiment began with the culturing of bacteriophages in two types of medium. One set of bacteriophage (A) was cultured in a medium of radioactive phosphorus whereas another set (B) was cultured in a medium of radioactive sulfur. They observed that the first set of bacteriophage (A) consisted of radioactive DNA but not radioactive proteins. This is because DNA is a phosphorus-based compound while protein is not. The latter set of bacteriophage (B) consisted of radioactive protein but not radioactive DNA.

The host for infection was E.coli bacteria. The bacterophage were allowed to infect bacteria by removing the viral coats through a number of blending and centrifugation.

Observation: E.coli bacteria which were infected by radioactive DNA bacteriophage (A) were radioactive but the ones that were infected by radioactive protein bacteriophage (B) were non-radioactive.

Conclusion: Resultant radioactive and non-radioactive bacteria infer that the bacteriophage that had radioactive DNA transferred their DNA to the bacteria but bacteriophage that had radioactive protein didn’t get transferred to the bacteria. Hence, DNA is the genetic material and not the protein.

24
Q

explain reproduction in bacteria during favourable condition?

A

repeated binary fission leading the to formation of large population, such rapid rate is rarely achievd.

25
Q

explain conjugation?

A

Lederberg and Tatum demonstrated in E.coli that conjugation is the transfer of DN by direct cell to cell contact.

  • bacterias showing conjugation are dimorphic that they have male(F+) or donor and female(F-)or recipient
26
Q

explain transduction?

A

a small piece of ds DNA is transferred from a donor to recipient by a bacterio[hage. this mode of genetic recombinase was first determined showed by Lederberg and Zinder while working with Salmonella typhimurium.

27
Q

what is hfr?

A

High frequency of recombination. A strain of bacteria has incorporated an F factor into its chromosome and can then transfer the chromosome during conjugation. In Escherichia coli, a cell having its fertility factor integrated into the bacterial chromosome; a donor (male) cell.

  • increases the frequency of conjugation by 1000 times
  • it has an episome
28
Q

what is an episome?

A

Episome, in bacteria, one of a group of extrachromosomal genetic elements called plasmids, consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and capable of conferring a selective advantage upon the bacteria in which they occur.

29
Q

what are the economical importance of bacteria?

A

free-living N2 fixation:azotobacterium, clostridium, klebsiella, beikerinckia
symbiotic N2 fixation:rhizobium, Frankia.Xanthomonas

-ammonifying:bacillus Vulgaris , B, ramosus

    • vinegar production: acetobacter aceti
  • -curd. cheese and yoghurt : Lactobacillus , Streptococcus lactis

–petroleum pollution: pseudomonas putida(superbug)
– antibitics :
Bacitracin: bacillus lichenformus
subtillin : B.subtillis

–retting of fires: costirdum perfringens , pseudomonas fluorescence

–curring of leaves:
improve tea leaves: micrococcus candidans
tobacco : bacillus megatherium

  • -cholera : vibrio cholera
    • salmonella typhi
  • -tetnus - clostridium tetnai
    • citrus cranker : Xanthomonas citri
30
Q

explain archaeabacteria.

A

–These bacteria are special since they live in some of the harshest habitats such as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens).

–known as oldest living fossils

– their DNA’s have introns and exons
introns : non coding sequences(protein absent )
exons :coding sequences(protein present )

–Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.

  • -In halophiles, a purple pigmented membrane containing bacteriorhodopsin is used to harness d sunlight, which utilizes light energy for the synthesis of ATP, but cannot use ATP for food synthesis.they are heterotrophis and lives in saline conditions.ob;igate anerobes
    e. g., Halobacterium and Halococcus.

Thermoacidophiles are facultative anaerobic bacteria and have the capacity to oxidize sulphur to H2SO4 in the presence of oxygen, during the absence of oxygen H2S is produced. the energy produced during the reaction is used to synthesis organic food, thus they are chemoautotrophs. they live in high temperatures(hot springs - 80 degrees celsius ) and high acidity, e.g., Sulfobolus and Thermoplasma., thermococcus , thermoproteus

Methanogens are present in the guts of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and c can produce methane by converting methanol , CO2 and formic acid. they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals. these biogases are highly inflammable. they are chemoautotrophs and obligate anaerobes.
eg:methanococcus , methano bacterium

31
Q

what are the sub groups under eubacteria?

A

1) cyanobacteria /blue-green algae /BGA
2) mycoplasma
3) actinomycetes
4) spirochaetes
5) rickettsia etc.

they have peptidoglycan cell wall, lipid monolayer plasma membrane

32
Q

explain the structural organisation of cyanobacteria.

A
  • gram -ve
  • 4 layered cell wall
  • oxygenic photosynthesis
  • unicellular,filamentous
  • absence of flagella through life cycle
  • hair follicles called trichome
  • surrounded by mucilagenous sheath mainly made up of mucopeptides
  • cell membrane lack sterol
  • has gas vacuole instead of sap vacuole
  • contains reserve food material like alpha granules(starch), beta granules(fat), cynophycean body(protein), volutin body(reserve phosphate), polyhedral body(RUBISCO rich)
33
Q

ex[lain thew cytoplasm of cynobacteria?

A
  • -cytoplasm :
  • central. colour less, has chromatin material –> centroplasm

-peripheral: coloured. pigment is thylakoid and is called chromoplasm

34
Q

explain thylakoid in cynobacteria.

A

pigments :

a) chlorophyll b (green color)
b) phycobilins:
- phycocynanin(blue color)
- allophycocynanin(pasle b;ue color)
- phycoerthrine(red color)

35
Q

explain metabolism in cyanobacteria?

A

1)vegetative cells synthesios food through CO2 fixation

2) heterocyst:
- nitrogen fixation in anaerobic condition
- eg: nitrogenase
- -in NOsSTAC:
- cell was is oxygen impermeable, creation anaerobic condition
- PS2 is absent thus no oxygen is evolved
- ps1 is present heterocysr for ATP synthesis for nitrogen fixation

36
Q

explain reproduction

A

– Asexual
-binary fission
-fragmentation
-heterocyst
-hormogonia:
vegative cell stores food and slpits, then germinates to form a new individual
-akinetes:
thick cell wall of a vegetative plant detaches then it germinates to form a new individual

37
Q

importance of cyanobacteria a.

A

LEARN FROM TB and NOTES

38
Q

what is Gaidukov’s phenomenon?

A

cyanobacteria or blue-green algae can adaptively change the wavelength of their body colour.
eg: trichodesmium erythraeum is also known as red sea causing algae

39
Q

what is lamellasome?

A

similar to mesosome, coiled membrane connects cell membrane to nucleoid. helps in respiration and DNA replication

40
Q

explain the structure of mycoplasma?

A
  • prokaryotes
  • no cell wall
  • pleomorphic
  • it has the trilamellar unit membrane structure
  • opaque central are and translucent peripheral zone
  • generally non-motile
  • single-stranded RNA and double-stranded DNA present
  • they are organisms with simple structure but complex behaviour
  • fried egg-like appearance
  • they are called bacterias with their coats off
  • they can pass bacteriological filters
  • reproduce by elementary bodies
41
Q

historical background of mycoplasma.

A

1) E.Nocard and E. R roux discover Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms(PPLO aka jokers of the plant kingdom) in the pleural fluid of cattle suffering from pleuropneumonia.

2)Nowak: placed it under genus mycoplasma or MLO(mollicutes like organisms)
they infect animals(like man,dogs,sheep,cow) and plants(like brinjal,corn, potato)

3) borrel et al named it asterococcus mycoids

42
Q

explain the nature of mycoplasma.

A
  • can multiply in an abiotic medium and has sterol, thus they are not viruses
  • they can pass bacteriological filters and does not have a cell wall
43
Q

sensitivity of mycoplasma with antibiotics.

A
  • they are not sensitive to penicillin due to the absence of a cell wall
    -they are sensitive to erythromycin, chloramphenicol(metabolic inhibitors),
    streptomycin
44
Q

nutrition in mycoplasma.

A
  • heterotrophs: most;y parasitic since they are small they cannot synthesis the required growth factor.eg: M.gallispectum(0.3-0.5micrometer,smallest prokaryote)
  • some are saprophytic
  • facultative anaerobes
45
Q

what are hormogonia and how are they formed?

A

–Hormogonia are motile filaments of cells formed by some cyanobacteria in the order Nostocales and Stigonematales.

–due to the formation of biconcave fluid-filled dead cells called nichridia, in between living cells of trichome, they break into hormogonia

46
Q

what are the diseases caused by mycoplasma?

A

1) Mycoplasma hominis causes pleuropneumonia, inflammation of genitals and endocarditis, etc.
2) Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes PAP (primary atypical pneumonia), haemorrhagic, laryngitis, etc.
3) Mycoplasma fermentatus and M. hominis cause infertility in man, otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear).
4) Mycoplasma mycoides causes pneumonia in cattle.
5) Mycoplasma bovigenitalum causes inflammation of genitals in animals. Mycoplasma agalactiae causes agalactia of sheep and goat.
6) Common mycoplasmal diseases of plants are : Bunchy top of papaya, witches’ broom of legumes, yellow dwarf of tobacco, stripe disease of sugarcane, little leaf of brinjal, clover phyllody, big bud of tomato etc.

bot_bio_class_fication (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions