Kingdom Protista

Question 1

Polyphyletic

Answer 1

A group with many different ancestors, each with very different morphology, ecology, and genetics

Question 2

4 Nutritional Strategies

Answer 2

1) Autotroph
2) Heterotroph
3) Mixotroph
4) Animal-like, plant-like, and fungi-like

Question 3

Mixotroph

Answer 3

Combines autotrophic and heterotrophic strategies

Question 4

Endosymbiosis

Answer 4

Early eukaryote took in other cells that became organelles

Question 5

Primary Symbiosis 2 Types

Answer 5

1) Mitochondrion: Absorbed an aerobic prokaryote for cellular respiration
2) Chloroplast: Absorbed a cyanobacterium for photosynthesis

Question 6

How many membranes do Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have through Primary Endosymbiosis?

Answer 6

They have 2 membranes.

Question 7

Primary Symbiosis Examples

Answer 7

Red Algae (Dinoflagellata) and Green Algae (Euglenophyta)

Question 8

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Answer 8

Absorbed an eukaryotic algal cell

Question 9

Where does the Chloroplast get its 4 membranes from in Secondary Endosymbiosis?

Answer 9

2 from algal chloroplast; 1 from algal cell; 1 from phagocytosis

Question 10

How does the Chloroplast end up with 3 membranes?

Answer 10

1 membrane is lost

Question 11

Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Dinoflagellata
Domain, name meaning, and example?

Answer 11

-Dinoflagellates
“Whirling Whip”
Ex: Ceratium- Red Tide (Toxic Algae Bloom)

Question 12

3 things Dinoflagellates Have

Answer 12

1) Reinforced Cellulose Plates
2) 2 flagella for swimming
3) Plastid from Red Algae

Question 13

Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Euglenophyta
Domain, nutritional strategy, and environments

Answer 13

-Euglenids
Mixotrophic
Marine and Freshwater Environments
Euglena

Question 14

2 things Euglenids have

Answer 14

1-2 flagella
Plastid from Green Algae

Question 15

Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Bacillariophyta
Domain and Environment?

Answer 15

-Diatoms
Freshwater and Marine Phytoplankton

Question 16

What do Diatoms have and what do they become?

Answer 16

Diatoms have a glass-like cell wall (silica).
Their shells become sand or diatomaceous Earth when they die.

Question 17

How do Diatoms Reproduce?

Answer 17

Their lid and box separate, and each become the lid for for the new Diatoms.

Question 18

Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Phaeophyta
Domain, Name Meaning, environment, example.

Answer 18

-Brown Algae
“Dark-colored Plant”
Marine Environment
Multicellular
Ex: Macrocystis-kelp

Question 19

5 Structures of Phaeophyta Brown Algae

Answer 19

They are analogous to plants
1) Thallus-Body
2) Holdfast Anchor
3) Stipe- Stem
4) Blade - Leaves
5) Floats- Air Chamber

Question 20

Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Rhodophyta
Domain, name meaning, and Example

Answer 20

-Red Algae
“Rose-colored plant”
-Ex: Porphyra-Nori

Question 21

What is the accessory pigment for photosynthesis in Rhodophyta Red Algae?

Answer 21

Phycoerythrin

Question 22

Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Chlorophyta
Domain, name meaning, environment.

Answer 22

-Green Algae
“Green-colored plant”
Most are freshwater

Question 23

4 Structures of Chlorophyta Green Algae

Answer 23

1) Chlamydomonas- Single Cell
2) Gonium- Circular Colony
3) Pandorina- Round Colony
4) Volvox- Hollow, Spherical Colony

Question 24

Who is the ancestor to Land Plants?

Answer 24

Chlorophyta-Green Algae

Question 25

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Zoomastigophora
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, two examples.

Answer 25

-Zooflagellates
“Animal Whip-Bearing”
Has flagella for swimming
Ex: Giardia - Beaver Fever
Ex: Trypanosoma - Blood Parasite

Question 26

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Domain, name meaning, disease and cause.

Answer 26

-Obligate Endoparasites
“Top Infolds” refers to appearance of organelles
Plasmodium Causes Malaria

Question 27

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Choanoflagellida
Domain, name meaning, what does it have?

Answer 27

-Collared Flagellates
“Collar Whip”
Single Flagellum rotates to draw in food

Question 28

Who is the ancestor to animals?

Answer 28

Choanoflagellida - Collared Flagellates

Question 29

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Ciliophora
Domain, name meaning, 2 ways cilia are used?

Answer 29

• Cilliates
  “Lash-Bearing”
  1) Paramecium- uses Cilia to swim
  2) Stentor - uses Cilia to feed

Question 30

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, how does it eat?

Answer 30

-Amoebas
“Changing Animal” always changing shape
Pseudopodia: “False Foot” - extensions from cell body for feeding and crawling
Phagocytosis: Membrane engulfs food particle

Question 31

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Foraminifera
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, how does it eat?

Answer 31

-Forams
“Hole-Bearing”
Test: Shell of dead organism
1) Porous shell made from Calcium Carbonate
2) Become sand or sedimentary rock when dead (chalk)
Net-like Pseudopodia extend out of test for swimming and eating

Question 32

Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Actinopodo
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, how does it eat?

Answer 32

-Radiolarians
“Rays of Feet”
Internal Skeleton made of silica (sand)
Thread-like pseudopodia for capturing prey.

Question 33

Fungis-Like Protists
Phylum: Oomycota
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, analogy, how does it eat, example?

Answer 33

-Water Mold
“Egg Fungus”
Appearance is analogous to fungi
Oomycete cell wall is cellulose versus Fungus cell wall is chitin.
Hyphae - filament to absorb nutrients from the environment
Sapoilegnia - Cotton Mold

Question 34

Fungis-Like Protists
Phylum: Myxomycota
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, analogy, how does it eat, example?

Answer 34

-Slime Mold
“Slime Fungus”
Plasmodial Slime Mold - multinucleate “Super Cell” Stage
Cellular Slime Mold - Solitary Amoeba-like Cell Stage