Kingdom Protista Flashcards
Polyphyletic
A group with many different ancestors, each with very different morphology, ecology, and genetics
4 Nutritional Strategies
1) Autotroph
2) Heterotroph
3) Mixotroph
4) Animal-like, plant-like, and fungi-like
Mixotroph
Combines autotrophic and heterotrophic strategies
Endosymbiosis
Early eukaryote took in other cells that became organelles
Primary Symbiosis 2 Types
1) Mitochondrion: Absorbed an aerobic prokaryote for cellular respiration
2) Chloroplast: Absorbed a cyanobacterium for photosynthesis
How many membranes do Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have through Primary Endosymbiosis?
They have 2 membranes.
Primary Symbiosis Examples
Red Algae (Dinoflagellata) and Green Algae (Euglenophyta)
Secondary Endosymbiosis
Absorbed an eukaryotic algal cell
Where does the Chloroplast get its 4 membranes from in Secondary Endosymbiosis?
2 from algal chloroplast; 1 from algal cell; 1 from phagocytosis
How does the Chloroplast end up with 3 membranes?
1 membrane is lost
Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Dinoflagellata
Domain, name meaning, and example?
-Dinoflagellates
“Whirling Whip”
Ex: Ceratium- Red Tide (Toxic Algae Bloom)
3 things Dinoflagellates Have
1) Reinforced Cellulose Plates
2) 2 flagella for swimming
3) Plastid from Red Algae
Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Euglenophyta
Domain, nutritional strategy, and environments
-Euglenids
Mixotrophic
Marine and Freshwater Environments
Euglena
2 things Euglenids have
1-2 flagella
Plastid from Green Algae
Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Bacillariophyta
Domain and Environment?
-Diatoms
Freshwater and Marine Phytoplankton
What do Diatoms have and what do they become?
Diatoms have a glass-like cell wall (silica).
Their shells become sand or diatomaceous Earth when they die.
How do Diatoms Reproduce?
Their lid and box separate, and each become the lid for for the new Diatoms.
Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Phaeophyta
Domain, Name Meaning, environment, example.
-Brown Algae
“Dark-colored Plant”
Marine Environment
Multicellular
Ex: Macrocystis-kelp
5 Structures of Phaeophyta Brown Algae
They are analogous to plants
1) Thallus-Body
2) Holdfast Anchor
3) Stipe- Stem
4) Blade - Leaves
5) Floats- Air Chamber
Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Rhodophyta
Domain, name meaning, and Example
-Red Algae
“Rose-colored plant”
-Ex: Porphyra-Nori
What is the accessory pigment for photosynthesis in Rhodophyta Red Algae?
Phycoerythrin
Plant-like Protists
Phylum: Chlorophyta
Domain, name meaning, environment.
-Green Algae
“Green-colored plant”
Most are freshwater
4 Structures of Chlorophyta Green Algae
1) Chlamydomonas- Single Cell
2) Gonium- Circular Colony
3) Pandorina- Round Colony
4) Volvox- Hollow, Spherical Colony
Who is the ancestor to Land Plants?
Chlorophyta-Green Algae
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Zoomastigophora
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, two examples.
-Zooflagellates
“Animal Whip-Bearing”
Has flagella for swimming
Ex: Giardia - Beaver Fever
Ex: Trypanosoma - Blood Parasite
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Domain, name meaning, disease and cause.
-Obligate Endoparasites
“Top Infolds” refers to appearance of organelles
Plasmodium Causes Malaria
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Choanoflagellida
Domain, name meaning, what does it have?
-Collared Flagellates
“Collar Whip”
Single Flagellum rotates to draw in food
Who is the ancestor to animals?
Choanoflagellida - Collared Flagellates
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Ciliophora
Domain, name meaning, 2 ways cilia are used?
- Cilliates
“Lash-Bearing”
1) Paramecium- uses Cilia to swim
2) Stentor - uses Cilia to feed
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, how does it eat?
-Amoebas
“Changing Animal” always changing shape
Pseudopodia: “False Foot” - extensions from cell body for feeding and crawling
Phagocytosis: Membrane engulfs food particle
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Foraminifera
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, how does it eat?
-Forams
“Hole-Bearing”
Test: Shell of dead organism
1) Porous shell made from Calcium Carbonate
2) Become sand or sedimentary rock when dead (chalk)
Net-like Pseudopodia extend out of test for swimming and eating
Animal-Like Protozoa
Phylum: Actinopodo
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, how does it eat?
-Radiolarians
“Rays of Feet”
Internal Skeleton made of silica (sand)
Thread-like pseudopodia for capturing prey.
Fungis-Like Protists
Phylum: Oomycota
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, analogy, how does it eat, example?
-Water Mold
“Egg Fungus”
Appearance is analogous to fungi
Oomycete cell wall is cellulose versus Fungus cell wall is chitin.
Hyphae - filament to absorb nutrients from the environment
Sapoilegnia - Cotton Mold
Fungis-Like Protists
Phylum: Myxomycota
Domain, name meaning, what does it have, analogy, how does it eat, example?
-Slime Mold
“Slime Fungus”
Plasmodial Slime Mold - multinucleate “Super Cell” Stage
Cellular Slime Mold - Solitary Amoeba-like Cell Stage
