Kingdom Fungi Flashcards
5 Structures of fungi
1) Chitin: fungal cell wall
2) Mycelium: interwoven multicellular fungal mass
3) Hyphae: filament to absorb nutrients from the environment
4) Septum: divisions
i. divides cells in the hyphae
ii. have pores for sharing resources
5) Coenocytic Hyphae: continuous multicellular nuclear cytoplasm that has no septa.
Ancestor?
unknown flagellated protist ancestor
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum: Chytridiomycota
Chytrids
“little pot fungus”
Earliest lineage of fungus. some are multicellular, others are mycelia.
Zoospore: flagellated spores
chytridiomycosis is the fungal disease in amphibians
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum: Zygomycota
Zygote fungus
“joined fungus”
Have coenocytic hyphae
Rhizopus stolonifer: black bread mold
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction of Zygomycota
Mycelium (n) forms sporangia that produce genetically identical zygospores (n)
Sexual reproduction of Zygomycota - 7 steps
1) Different mating types (+ and -)form gametangia
2) Plasmogamy: gametangia fuse into dikaryotic zygosporangium (n + n)
3) Zygosporangium develop a rough coat and can resist harsh conditions for months
4) Karyogamy: nucei fuse (fertilization) and result in a zygot (2n)
5) Meiosis occurs
6) sporangium (n) grows out of zygosporangium on a short stalk
7) sporangium (n) dispersis genetically diverse zygospores (n)
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Sac fungi
“ascus” means sac (spore sac)
“ascocarp” means fruiting body
Yeast: a single-celled fungus
i. Ex: saccharomyces cerevisiae - brewer’s
yeast, baking yeast
ii. Ex: candida albicans - yeast infection
Ascocarp: fruiting body
i. Ex: neropora - powdery mildew used in
genetic research
ii. Ex: Penicillum - used to make penicillin
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction of Ascomycota - 2 steps
1) Conidiophore (n) haploid produces genetically identical conidia (a)
2) Conidia germinate into new hyphae (n)
Sexual reproduction of Ascomycota - 7 steps
1) Conidia (n) fuses to hyphae (n) of a different mating type
2) plamogamy creates dikaryotic (n+n) hyphae in an ascus
3) Karyogamy occurs in ascus (fertilization) and results in a zygote (2n)
4) Meiosis occurs, and each has 4 genetically distinct haploid cells
5) Mitosis occurs, and a pair of each haploid nuclei = 8
6) Ascocarp develops around asci
7) Ascospores - spores
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Club fungi
-Basidium - “little pedestal”
- Basidiocarp - fruiting body (mushroom)
i. Stipe = stalk
ii. Pileus = cap
iii. Gills produce spores
Asexual and Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction of Basidiomycota - 2 Steps
1) Mycelium growing underground
2) Fracturing can break off pieces that continue to grow on their own
Sexual reproduction of Basidiomycota - 6 Steps
1) Plasmogamy: different mating types fuse
2) Dikaryotic myelium grows into a basidiocarp (n+n)
3) Basidia (n+n) line the gills
4) Karyogamy occurs and results in a zygote (2n)
5) Meiosis occurs and Basidium contains 4 genetically distinct haploid cells
6) Basidiospore (n) is released
Fungi Ecology
3 types of Fungi
1) Decomposers: breakdown and absorb organic matter
2) Mutualists (fungus/plant)
3) Pathogens
2 types of fungal mutualists
1) Mycorrhizae
2) Endophytes
Fungal Mutualist: Mycorrhizae
“fungus Root”
Association of fungi and plant roots
-Haustoria: Hyphae that extend into a plant cell. They pierce the cell wall but not the cell membrane, and they exchange nutrients
