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Biology 2 > Kingdom of animals > Flashcards

Kingdom of animals Flashcards

1
Q

T/F are all animal groups heterotrophic

A

True

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of heterotrophic?

A

consume food in energy
they are multicellular
Diploid 2N
Haploid present during sexual reproduction

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3
Q

what are types of hetertorphy?

A

Carnivores
herbivores
omnivores
parasite

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4
Q

what is a carnivores?

A

eat meat

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5
Q

what is a herbivore?

A

eat plants

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6
Q

what is a omnivore?

A

they eat everything and anything

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7
Q

what is a parasite?

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes (macro parasite: tic - suck from the host

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8
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy consumption

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8
Q

what is the metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy consumption

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9
Q

what does basic metabolic rate do?

A

give energy needed for cell maintenance, breathing, heart beating, and body temperature regulation

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10
Q

Most animals have what?

A

muscle and nervous tissue, haploid gametes for sexual reproduction and are mobile at least at some life stage

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11
Q

what is terrestrial environment?

A

movement must overcome force of gravity

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12
Q

what body structure is common in terrestrial environments?

A

strong limbs to support body off ground and designed to overcome gravity rather then drag

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13
Q

what is aquatic environment?

A

movement must overcome force of drag

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14
Q

what body structure is common in aquatic environments?

A

Fusiform body shape: tube-shaped body tapered at both ends

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15
Q

what is the fastest animal on land?

A

cheetah

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16
Q

what is the fastest animal in the water?

A

shorfin mako shark

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17
Q

T/F: it is easier to move on land compared to water

A

True

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18
Q

T/F: The more complex the animal is the higher they are in organization

A

True
organism, systems, organs, tissues, cells

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of animal tissues?

A

connective tissue
epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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20
Q

what are organs?

A

groups of tissues organized into organs with specific functions

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21
Q

what are systems?

A

coordinated activities of multiple organs

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22
Q

what do systems do?

A

organ systems are dependent on each other and work together to support organism

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23
Q

what are examples of systems?

A

breathing
moving
growth, protection from disease
reproduction

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24
Q

what does homeostasis do?

A

temperature control
PH balance
water/solute balance
oxygen

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25
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

optimal temperature important for body processes

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26
Q

what happens if thermoregulation temperature is too high?

A

proteins denature

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27
Q

what happens if thermoregulation is too low?

A

enzymes slow down

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28
Q

what is endotherms

A

maintains consistent body temperature different from enviorment

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29
Q

what is ectotherms

A

absorb/ release heat to enviorment

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30
Q

what is poikilotherm

A

body temperature can vary over broad range

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31
Q

what is homeotherm

A

body temperature relatively constant

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32
Q

T/F: all animals share a common ancestor

A

True

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33
Q

what is cleavage?

A

after fertilization creates zygote, rapid cell division

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34
Q

what does cleavage lead too?

A

it leads to multicellular, hollow blastula

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35
Q

Blastula develops into what?

A

it develops into gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

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36
Q

what does blastopore do?

A

it connects the archenteron to exterior of gastrula

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37
Q

asymmetry examples

A

sponges

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38
Q

radial symmetry

A

starfish

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39
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

human

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40
Q

what is Ectoderm?

A

germ layer covering the embryos surface

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41
Q

what is endoderm?

A

innermost germ layer lines developing digestive tube

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42
Q

what is mesoderm?

A

located in between endoderm and ectoderm forms specialized tissues

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43
Q

What are the characteristics of diploblastic animals?

A

ectoderma and endoderm only

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44
Q

examples of diploblastic animals

A

cnidarians and ctenophores

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45
Q

what are triploblastic animals

A

Ecotderm,endoderm, and mesoderm

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46
Q

examples of triploblastic animals?

A

all bilateral animals (humans)

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47
Q

what are body cavities?

A

fluid filled opening between digestive cavity and outer body wall

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48
Q

what are coelom?

A

true body cavity derived from mesoderm

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49
Q

what are functions of body cavities?

A

cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body walll

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50
Q

what are functions of body cavities?

A

cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body wall

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51
Q

what are functions of body cavities?

A

cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body wall

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52
Q

animals can be categorized as what?

A

Protostome developmental or deuterostome development

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53
Q

what differs from the animals development?

A

cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastopre

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54
Q

what is the cleavage for protostome?

A

cleavage is spiral and determinate.
fate of embryonic cell determines early in development

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55
Q

what is cleavage ins deuterostome?

A

cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
each cell retains capacity to develop into complete embryo.
makes possible identical twins and embryonic stem cell

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56
Q

what is the coelom formation for protostome?

A

coelom formed splitting solid masses of mesoderm

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57
Q

what is the coelom formation for deuterostome?

A

coelom forms from mesoderm buds from wall of archenteron

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58
Q

what is the fate of the blastopore end result of protostome?

A

blastopore becomes a mouth

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59
Q

what is the fate of the blastopore end result of deuterostome?

A

blastopore becomes an anus

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60
Q

what are development genes

A

they regulate gene expression during development

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61
Q

what are hox genes

A

most animals have unique family of developmental genes.
regulate development of body form.
has been highly conserved but products variety of morphologies

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62
Q

larval stage is what?

A

sexually immature does not look like adults

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63
Q

Juvenile stage is what?

A

resembles adult but not sexually mature

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64
Q

what is adult?

A

reproductive stage of life cycle

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65
Q

what is metamorphosis stage?

A

transition to juvenile stage

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66
Q

which animal commonly goes through metamorphosis stage?

A

insects

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67
Q

what is incomplete metamorphosis?

A

young nymphs resemble small adults, go through series of molts until reach full size.

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68
Q

what happens in the final stage of incomplete metamorphosis?

A

after final molt, wings develop. becomes sexually active

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69
Q

what is complete metamorphosis?

A

larval form looks entirely different from the adult stage

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70
Q

what is the final form of complete metamorphosis?

A

metamorphosis from larva to adult occurs during a pupal stage

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71
Q

what is direct development?

A

the fertilized eggs develops into a juvenile without passing through a larval stage

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72
Q

what is the super group of kingdom animals?

A

opisthokonta

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73
Q

what are choanoflagellates

A

morphological and molecular evidence points to a group of protists

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74
Q

what is the closest living relative to animals?

A

choanoflagellates

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75
Q

what is the earliest animal fossil?

A

ediacaran period

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76
Q

what do primitive fossils appear like?

A

they appear to be small, sponge-like creatures, irregularly shaped with internal tube or canals

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77
Q

what do the fossils of the Ediacaran biota look like?

A

most soft-bodies, but spicules identified in early sponges. they exhibited radial symmetry

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78
Q

what characteristics do bilaterians have?

A

bilaterally symmetric form, complete one-way digestive tract

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79
Q

what are examples of bilaterians?

A

early forms of echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods and chordates

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80
Q

what are the most abundant and wispread animals?

A

trilobites

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81
Q

what is the hypotheses for cambrian explosion?

A

environmental changes more suitable.
increased oxygen levels.
increased calcium.
continental shelf with lots of habitat.
New community interaction - coevolution.
evolution of Hox gene and new RNAs involved in gene regulation.

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82
Q

what is cystoidea

A

extinct lineage of echinoderms

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83
Q

what is ordovician

A

plants begin to transition to land

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84
Q

what animal first colonized on land?

A

arthropods = euthycarcinoids

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85
Q

what happened during the paleozoic era?

A

supported development of new adaptation to terrestrial life.
diversification as species exposed to new environments.

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86
Q

what is external environment?

A

surrounding organism

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87
Q

what is internal environment?

A

where cells live

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88
Q

what happens during internal exchange?

A

Movement of water and materials into cells.
Exchange of water and materials between blood and body cells goes through interstitial fluid.

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89
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid surrounding the cell

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90
Q

What exchange happens during external exchange?

A

take in oxygen, water and food.
Release carbon dioxide, urine, feces, heat, sweat

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91
Q

what are the adaptations with internal organs?

A

many internal structures now have branches and folded surfaces.

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92
Q

what is regulator?

A

internal control mechanisms maintain conditions different from the enviorment

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93
Q

what is conformer?

A

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

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94
Q

what where the environments like during the mesozoic era?

A

warm and stable climatic conditions of the ensuing mesozoic era promoted an explosive diversification of dinosaurs into every conceivable niche in land, air and water

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95
Q

what were the characteristics during the mesozoic era

A

Relatively small
diversification of plants
coevolution of plant and animals
complex trophic structures between producers and consumers.

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96
Q

what are the adaptations of the mammals in the cenozoic era?

A

increased in size
exploited vacated ecological niches in terrestrial and marine environments.

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97
Q

what are the adaptations of the bird from the cenozoic era?

A

descendants of dinosaurs
took advantage of flight and exploited open aerial niches.

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98
Q

what are invertebrates?

A

animals without backbones; Arthropods

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99
Q

what are examples of arthropods?

A

insects, crustaceans

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100
Q

what does it mean that invertebrates are ectotherms?

A

Regulate body temperature through environment.
they have greater tolerance for variation in body temperature than endotherms

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101
Q

what is an example of phylum porifera?

A

sponges

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102
Q

what are characteristics of phylum porifera?

A

lack tissue
sedentary
marine and freshwater
filter feeders

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103
Q

Phylum porifera are considered what sexaully?

A

Sequential hermaphroditism: function first as one sez and then as the other

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104
Q

what is a spicules?

A

most sponges are supported by small bone-like structure

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105
Q

what do spicules provide?

A

they provide support for the body of the sponge, and may also deter predation

106
Q

what are the characteristics of the phylum cnidaria?

A

diversified into range of sessile and motile forms.
diploblastic, radial body plan
carnivores: Nematocysts = specialized organelles within tentacles eject a stinging thread

107
Q

what are the basic body plans for phylum cnidaraia?

A

basic body plan is a sac with central digestive compartment = gastrovascular cavity

108
Q

What variation of body plans does the phylum cnidaria have?

A

Sessile polyp and motile medusa

109
Q

what are the 2 major clades in the phylum cnidaria?

A

medusozoa and anthozoa

110
Q

what is superphylum lophotrochozoa

A

some develop a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stage and a few have neither feature

111
Q

what are examples of lophotrochozoa

A

flatworms, rotifers, mollusc and annelids

112
Q

what are flatworms?

A

free-living members live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats

113
Q

what is an example of flatworms

114
Q

what are ribbon worms?

A

Proboscis worm, common in marine benthic environments

115
Q

what are rotifers?

A

they are small multicellular with specialized organ system

116
Q

where do rotifers inhabit?

A

they inhabit freshwater, marine and damp soil

117
Q

how do roifers reproduce?

A

they reproduce by parthenogenesis.
females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. some species lack males entirely

118
Q

where do molluscs inhabit?

A

fresh water and terrestrial

119
Q

what are the characteristics of molluscs?

A

muscular foot, visceral mass and mantle

120
Q

how do molluscs reproduce sexaully?

A

most have separate sexes with gonads in visceral mass.
Many are hermaphrodites

121
Q

What are annelids characteristics?

A

coelomates with bodies composed of series of fused rings

122
Q

what are the 2 major classes that annelids are divided in?

A

Class polychaeta (the polychaetes)
Class oligochaeta (the earthworms, leeches and their relatives)

123
Q

what are the characteristics of superphylum ecdysozoa?

A

covered with cuticle (tough coat)
tough but flexible exoskeleton

124
Q

what does the exoskeleton protect from for superphylum ecdysozoa?

A

water loss, predators and other dangers of the external environment

125
Q

What are disadvantages of the exoskeleton of the superphylum ecdysozoa?

A

must be molted before individual inc. body size.
limits rate of growth.
invests energy in regenerating exoskeleton.

126
Q

what happens to exoskeleton if the ecdysozoa increase in weight?

A

estimated doubling of body = 8x increase in weight.
limits overall size due to weight constraints

127
Q

where do nematodes (roundworms) inhabit?

A

free-living species in aquatic habitats and soil and parasites in plants and animals

128
Q

what are characteristics of nematodes?

A

have alimentary canal, lack circulatory system.
body wall muscles all longitudinal and contraction produces thrashing motion

129
Q

How do humans contract trichinella spiralis?

A

parasite passed to humans from undercooked pork

130
Q

what nematode do researchers use?

A

Caenorhabditis elegans: soild nematode

131
Q

what are the characteristics of the arthropods?

A

segmented body, hard exoskeleton (Cuticle) and jointed appendages

132
Q

what evolution have arthropods gone through?

A

evolution of segments created functionally united “body regions” specialized for feeding, walking, or swimming.
Diversity likely driven by changes in the sequence or regulation of existing hox genes.

133
Q

explain the open circulatory system

A

hemolymph is circulated into the space surrounding the tissues and organs

134
Q

what are the 4 major lineages that the arthropods consist of?

A

Chelicerates
Myriapods
Crustaceans
Hexapods

135
Q

what are chelicerates?

A

clawlike feeding appendages

136
Q

what were the earliest chelicerates?

A

eurypterids (water scorpions)

137
Q

what are arachnids?

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites

138
Q

what are the characteristics of arachnids?

A

6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs.
Book lungs: respiratory organs
Production of silk from abdominal glands.

139
Q

what are examples of myriapods?

A

millipedes and centipedes

140
Q

what are millipedes?

A

eat decaying leaves, plant matter
2 pairs of legs/trunk segment

141
Q

what are centipedes?

A

carnivores
1 pair leg/trunk segment
poison claws: to paralyze prey and aid in defense

142
Q

what ae custaceans?

A

crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, isopods

143
Q

where do crustaceans inhabit?

A

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments

144
Q

what are characteristics of crustaceans?

A

Highly specialized appendages
small crustaceans exchange gases through the cuticle.
larger crustaceans have gills
Most have separate male/ female.
some are hermaphrodites

145
Q

what is the largest group of custaceans?

A

isopods and pill bugs

146
Q

what is the biggest food source for crustaceans?

A

zooplankton

147
Q

what are hexapoda?

A

enormous clade including insects and their relatives

148
Q

where do hexapoda inhabit?

A

terrestrial habitat and freshwater

149
Q

How do insects normally reporduce?

A

they reproduce sexually

150
Q

what are superphylum deusterostomia?

A

sea stars and sea urchins

151
Q

what are the superphylum deuterostomia?

A

Vertebrates are members of phylum chordata.
echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.

152
Q

what are echinoderms?

A

slow-moving or sessile marine animals

153
Q

what are the characteristics of echinoderms?

A

thin epidermis covers and endoskeleton or hard calcareous plates.
unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet to function in locomotion and feeding.

154
Q

what is the common ancestor for chordata?

A

within deuterostomia clade

155
Q

What are characteristics of chordata?

A

bilateral symmetry
possess body cavity
deuterostome developmental pathway

156
Q

what two groups of invertebrates are chordates?

A

urochordates and cephalochordates

157
Q

all chordates share what 5 characteristics?

A

Notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
post-anal tail
endostyle
pharyngeal slits

158
Q

what is the function of the notochord

A

longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord. provides skeletal support, attachment point for muscles

159
Q

what is the function of the dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A

develops into the central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

160
Q

what is the function of the pharyngeal slits?

A

grooves from along outer surface of pharynx.
in aquatic organisms it realeases water taking in during feeding, suspension-feeding structures gill or jaw support, or parts of ear, tonsils, thyms gladnds in tetrapods

161
Q

what do pharyngeal slits do in aquatic organisms?

A

in aquatic organisms it releases water taking in during feeding, suspension-feeding structures gill or jaw support, or parts of ear, tonsils, thymus glands in tetrapods

162
Q

what is the function of muscular post-anal tail?

A

contains skeletal elements and muscles used for movement in aquatic species or balance, courting displays, and signaling in terrestrial species in many species, the tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development

163
Q

what is the function of the endostyle?

A

strip of ciliated mucus-producing tissue in the floor of the pharynx

164
Q

what happens with the food in the pharynx from the endostyle?

A

food particles trapped in the mucus are moved along the endostyle toward the gut. also produces substances similar to thyroid hormones and is homologous with the thyroid gland in vertebrates

165
Q

what are the characteristics of the two invertebrate groups in chordata?

A

lack cranium and backbone

166
Q

what are the 5 characteristics in tunicates?

A

tail
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharynx with slits
pharynx with numerous slits

167
Q

what is the sexual reproduction for tunicates?

A

Most are hermaphrodites.
larvae hatch from eggs inside of adult tunicate.
larval form is mobile stage of life cycle for most species.

168
Q

what characteristic is a salp?

A

colonial tunicates use these to propel themselves as they move water through the pharyngeal slits for feeding

169
Q

what is a sequential hermaphrodites?

A

younger female colonies fertilized by older male colonies

170
Q

what is the life cycle of urochordata?

A

Larval stage is short; usually a few minutes or days.

171
Q

how do urochordata go to adult stage?

A

the larvae attaches to substrate and metamorphoses into adult form.
adult body loses notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail.

172
Q

what is suspension feeders?

A

retain pharyngeal slits and endostyle

173
Q

what is the Lancelets name after?

A

bladelike body shape

174
Q

what are lancelets known for?

A

marine suspension feeders

175
Q

what characteristics do lancelets have?

A

chordate body plan as adults

176
Q

what may have resembled a lancelets?

A

ancestral chordates

177
Q

what are the function of hox genes in the lacelet?

A

Hox genes organize the vertebrate brain are expressed in lancelets nerve cord tip

178
Q

what is the oldest know cephalochordate that is also extinct of this subphylum?

179
Q

what does pikaia resemble closely in the extant lancelet?

A

genus branchiostoma

180
Q

what is the sister clade to cephalochordata?

A

vertebrates

181
Q

what is the intermediate form between cephalochordates and vertebrates?

A

brain and eyes, lacked calcium

182
Q

vertebrates evolved during which time period?

A

Cambrina period?

183
Q

what are the characteristics of the subphylum vertebrata/Craniata?

A

bony, cartilaginous,or fibrous structure surrounding brain, jaw and facial bones

184
Q

what are characteristics of the vertebrates?

A

enclose spinal cord and taken role of notochord

185
Q

how many hox genes do vertebrates have?

186
Q

how many hox genes do lancelets and tunicaes have?

187
Q

what is job of the neural tube?

A

cells develop along the edge of neural tube of an embryo

188
Q

what are the vertebrates distinct regions?

A

cranial, vagal, trunk, and sacral

189
Q

what does the endoskeleton in the vertebrates do?

A

internal support structure
provides point of attachment in muscles

190
Q

what does the endoskeleton in the vertebrates do?

A

internal support structure
provides point of attachment in muscles
strengthening of skeletal system critical for transition onto land.
growth can be continuous

191
Q

what are endoskeletons made of?

A

bone and cartilage

192
Q

what does the skeletal system and complex nervous system increase effectiveness of?

A

capturing food and evading predators

193
Q

what are the characteristiscs of superclass agnatha: jawless fishes?

A

both groups lack jaws and paired appendages

194
Q

what are examples of 2 jawless vertebrate lineages today?

A

Myxini: hagfish
petromyzontida: lampreys

195
Q

what characteristics do hagfish have?

A

lack a true backbone
rudimentary vertebrae

196
Q

what characteristics do lampreys have?

A

have true backbone

197
Q

which phylogenetic analysis supports the hagfish and lampreys?

A

monophyletic group

198
Q

what happens during the life cycle of hagfish?

A

retain notochord

199
Q

where do hagfish inhabit?

A

marine; bottom-dwelling scavanger

200
Q

why do hagfish produce slime?

A

to repel competitor and predators; some species shoot the slime at predators and clog gills

201
Q

what are the characteristics of lampreys?

A

simple, vertebral elements made of cartilage from above notochord

202
Q

where do lampreys inhabit?

A

marine and freshwater
all spawn in freshwater

203
Q

How do parasites feed?

A

by clamping mouth onto live fish

204
Q

what is the life cycle of free-living species?

A

feed as larvae for years, then mature, reproduce, and ide within a few days

205
Q

what are gnathostomes?

A

vertebrates with jaws

206
Q

what are the characteristics of eating gnathostomes?

A

jaws:hinged structure of cranium
grasps and tear food
likely derived from the first pair of gill arches supporting the gills of jawless fishes.

207
Q

what are the body structure of gnathostomes?

A

paired fins with bony structures: thrust and steering controls.

208
Q

how has the body strucutre of the gnathostomes improved?

A

capturing prey and avoidance of predators

209
Q

what are additional features of gnathostomes?

A

genome duplication, including duplication of hox genes

210
Q

what is an example of a gnathostomes?

A

shark, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammals

211
Q

what are chondrichthyans?

A

paired fins and skeletons composed of cartilage

212
Q

what characteristics do chondrichthayns have?

A

moste are carnivores with adaptation associated with capturing prey.
sense of smell, vision
detection of electormagnetic fields
lateral line detects vibrations

213
Q

what is osteichthyans?

A

animals with a bony endoskeleton

214
Q

osteichthyes have specialized bone cells that do what?

A

the bone cells are osteocytes which produces calcium phosphate matrix

215
Q

How do osteichthyes perform gas exchange?

A

by using their gills

216
Q

how do osteichthyes stay buoyant?

A

they have swim bladder

217
Q

what is an example of osteichthyans?

A

ray finned fishes (actinopterygii)

218
Q

what are the characteristics of osteichthyans: lobe-fins (sarcopterygii)

A

fins are support by fleshy and lobed, supported by bone structure similar to limbs of early tetrapods

219
Q

what are the 3 living lineages of the osteichthyans: Lobe-fins (sarcopterygii)?

A

Coelacanths (actinistia)
Lungfishes (dipnoi)
tetrapods

220
Q

what are lobe-finned fish known for?

A

believed to be the first vertebrate to make transition to land

221
Q

what is the first tetrapod: amphibian known for?

A

represent change in body structure to improve movement and gas exchange in terrestrial environment

222
Q

what are the adaptation that tetrapod: gnathostome have gone through?

A

four limbs and feet with digis
Neck
Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
absence of gills
ears for detecting airborne sounds

223
Q

what is the example for order urodela?

A

Salamanders: amphibians with tails

224
Q

what is an example of orer anura?

A

frogs: lack tails

225
Q

what is an example of order apoda?

A

caecilian: legless and nearly blind

226
Q

what does amphibian mean?

A

metamorphosis of an aquatic larvae into a terrestrial adult

227
Q

what is the larval stage of a frog?

A

aquatic herbivore with gills, lateral line and tail

228
Q

what happens to a frog during metamorphosis?

A

develops legs, lungs, a pair of external eardrums, and a carnivorous digestive system

229
Q

what happens to adult frogs?

A

they return to water to mate

230
Q

what protect the embryo?

A

amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted structure

231
Q

what is an amnion?

A

encloses embryo in fluid-filled sac allows tetrapods to reproduce on land

232
Q

what are the characteristics of the carboniferous period?

A

Allowed for expansion into drier habitats because reproduction no longer tied to water.
waterproof skin
accessory keratinized structure
Ventilation of lungs

233
Q

what are the characteristics of the casineria spp. closest too?

A

similar to reptile and amphibian

234
Q

what is the triassic period?

A

archosaurs became dominant group

235
Q

characteristics or early reptiles?

A

carnivores and herbivores
provided care for eggs and offspring
remaining lineages include alligator and crocodiles birds.

236
Q

what are examples of reptiles?

A

tuatara
devil lizard
pit viper
black breasted hill turtle
americal alligator

237
Q

what are bony structures of reptiles?

A

legless reptiles have 4-legged ancestor
vestigial hip and leg bones
remnant structures from ancestors

238
Q

what were the adaptations for terrestrial life?

A

thick, scaly skin
combination of keratin and waxy secretion
shelled eggs
ectothermic metabolism

239
Q

what is normal reptile reproduction?

A

internal fertilization
calcaerous or leathery eggs
all reproduction occurs on land
alligators and crocodiles provide parent care in early stages.

240
Q

what is the oldest known bird?

A

achaeopteryx

241
Q

what are the derived characteristiscs of birds?

A

endothermic
adaptations for flight

242
Q

what are flight benefits?

A

improved hunting and scavenging, escape from predators and migration

243
Q

T/F: Can all birds fly?

244
Q

What is bird reproduction?

A

birds generally display complex behaviors
fertilization is internal
eggs and the developing embryos inside must be kept warm.
both parents participate in care of egg and early life.

245
Q

what are the characteristics of mammals?

A

Endothermy
hair and fat layer under skin for insulation
hair can also act as sensory organ
kidneys
efficient respiratory and circulatory system
large brain to body ratio
differentiated teeth

246
Q

what are habits mammals do for their offspring?

A

extensive parental care
mammary glands produce milk
most are viviparous
Remain with parent several years after birth.

247
Q

what are the types of mammals?

A

diverse foraging strategies
herbivory
carnivory
filter feeding

248
Q

what are the 3 groups of mammals?

A

Monotremes
marsupials
Eutherians

249
Q

what are monotremes?

A

egg-laying mammals
females lack nipples, secrete milk from glands on their bellies

250
Q

what is an example of monotremes?

251
Q

what is a marsupial?

A

when the embryo develops in the mothers uterus nourished by the placenta.

252
Q

what is an example of a marsupial

253
Q

where are the 2/3 marsupials located?

254
Q

what are Eutherians?

A

(placental Mammals)
young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

255
Q

what occurred during primate evolution?

A

earliest fossil indicated 85-65MYA
similar teeth and skeleton
first true primate date to 55MYA and is similar to lemurs.
anthropoids arose during oligocene ~40MYA.

256
Q

what are derived characteristiscs of primates?

A

hand and feet adapted for grasping
flat nails instead of claws
lare brain, short jaw
forward-looking eyes closer together
fully opposable thumb

257
Q

what is an example of a new world monkey?

A

spider monkey
all arboreal
prehensile or grasping tails in most species

258
Q

what is example of an old world monkey?

A

macaque
arboreal and ground dwelllng
non-prehensile tail greatly reduced in many species

259
Q

what is a non-human apes?

A

upright posture and loss of tail

260
Q

what are some characteristics of humans?

A

upright posture and bipedal locomotion
larger brains capable of language and thought.
reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
short digestive tract

261
Q

what are some characteristics of neanderthals?

A

thick-boned with a larger brain than modern humans.
buried their dead, made hunting tools

262
Q

what is a homosapien?

A

oldest documented fossils of 2 homosapiens where found in ethiopa.

263
Q

when did humans first arrive in the new world?

A

15,000 years ago

Biology 2 (2 decks)

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