Kingdom of animals Flashcards
T/F are all animal groups heterotrophic
True
what are the characteristics of heterotrophic?
consume food in energy
they are multicellular
Diploid 2N
Haploid present during sexual reproduction
what are types of hetertorphy?
Carnivores
herbivores
omnivores
parasite
what is a carnivores?
eat meat
what is a herbivore?
eat plants
what is a omnivore?
they eat everything and anything
what is a parasite?
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (macro parasite: tic - suck from the host
what is the metabolic rate?
rate of energy consumption
what is the metabolic rate?
rate of energy consumption
what does basic metabolic rate do?
give energy needed for cell maintenance, breathing, heart beating, and body temperature regulation
Most animals have what?
muscle and nervous tissue, haploid gametes for sexual reproduction and are mobile at least at some life stage
what is terrestrial environment?
movement must overcome force of gravity
what body structure is common in terrestrial environments?
strong limbs to support body off ground and designed to overcome gravity rather then drag
what is aquatic environment?
movement must overcome force of drag
what body structure is common in aquatic environments?
Fusiform body shape: tube-shaped body tapered at both ends
what is the fastest animal on land?
cheetah
what is the fastest animal in the water?
shorfin mako shark
T/F: it is easier to move on land compared to water
True
T/F: The more complex the animal is the higher they are in organization
True
organism, systems, organs, tissues, cells
what are the 4 types of animal tissues?
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
what are organs?
groups of tissues organized into organs with specific functions
what are systems?
coordinated activities of multiple organs
what do systems do?
organ systems are dependent on each other and work together to support organism
what are examples of systems?
breathing
moving
growth, protection from disease
reproduction
what does homeostasis do?
temperature control
PH balance
water/solute balance
oxygen
what is thermoregulation
optimal temperature important for body processes
what happens if thermoregulation temperature is too high?
proteins denature
what happens if thermoregulation is too low?
enzymes slow down
what is endotherms
maintains consistent body temperature different from enviorment
what is ectotherms
absorb/ release heat to enviorment
what is poikilotherm
body temperature can vary over broad range
what is homeotherm
body temperature relatively constant
T/F: all animals share a common ancestor
True
what is cleavage?
after fertilization creates zygote, rapid cell division
what does cleavage lead too?
it leads to multicellular, hollow blastula
Blastula develops into what?
it develops into gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues
what does blastopore do?
it connects the archenteron to exterior of gastrula
asymmetry examples
sponges
radial symmetry
starfish
bilateral symmetry
human
what is Ectoderm?
germ layer covering the embryos surface
what is endoderm?
innermost germ layer lines developing digestive tube
what is mesoderm?
located in between endoderm and ectoderm forms specialized tissues
What are the characteristics of diploblastic animals?
ectoderma and endoderm only
examples of diploblastic animals
cnidarians and ctenophores
what are triploblastic animals
Ecotderm,endoderm, and mesoderm
examples of triploblastic animals?
all bilateral animals (humans)
what are body cavities?
fluid filled opening between digestive cavity and outer body wall
what are coelom?
true body cavity derived from mesoderm
what are functions of body cavities?
cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body walll
what are functions of body cavities?
cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body wall
what are functions of body cavities?
cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body wall
animals can be categorized as what?
Protostome developmental or deuterostome development
what differs from the animals development?
cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastopre
what is the cleavage for protostome?
cleavage is spiral and determinate.
fate of embryonic cell determines early in development
what is cleavage ins deuterostome?
cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
each cell retains capacity to develop into complete embryo.
makes possible identical twins and embryonic stem cell
what is the coelom formation for protostome?
coelom formed splitting solid masses of mesoderm
what is the coelom formation for deuterostome?
coelom forms from mesoderm buds from wall of archenteron
what is the fate of the blastopore end result of protostome?
blastopore becomes a mouth
what is the fate of the blastopore end result of deuterostome?
blastopore becomes an anus
what are development genes
they regulate gene expression during development
what are hox genes
most animals have unique family of developmental genes.
regulate development of body form.
has been highly conserved but products variety of morphologies
larval stage is what?
sexually immature does not look like adults
Juvenile stage is what?
resembles adult but not sexually mature
what is adult?
reproductive stage of life cycle
what is metamorphosis stage?
transition to juvenile stage
which animal commonly goes through metamorphosis stage?
insects
what is incomplete metamorphosis?
young nymphs resemble small adults, go through series of molts until reach full size.
what happens in the final stage of incomplete metamorphosis?
after final molt, wings develop. becomes sexually active
what is complete metamorphosis?
larval form looks entirely different from the adult stage
what is the final form of complete metamorphosis?
metamorphosis from larva to adult occurs during a pupal stage
what is direct development?
the fertilized eggs develops into a juvenile without passing through a larval stage
what is the super group of kingdom animals?
opisthokonta
what are choanoflagellates
morphological and molecular evidence points to a group of protists
what is the closest living relative to animals?
choanoflagellates
what is the earliest animal fossil?
ediacaran period
what do primitive fossils appear like?
they appear to be small, sponge-like creatures, irregularly shaped with internal tube or canals
what do the fossils of the Ediacaran biota look like?
most soft-bodies, but spicules identified in early sponges. they exhibited radial symmetry
what characteristics do bilaterians have?
bilaterally symmetric form, complete one-way digestive tract
what are examples of bilaterians?
early forms of echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods and chordates
what are the most abundant and wispread animals?
trilobites
what is the hypotheses for cambrian explosion?
environmental changes more suitable.
increased oxygen levels.
increased calcium.
continental shelf with lots of habitat.
New community interaction - coevolution.
evolution of Hox gene and new RNAs involved in gene regulation.
what is cystoidea
extinct lineage of echinoderms
what is ordovician
plants begin to transition to land
what animal first colonized on land?
arthropods = euthycarcinoids
what happened during the paleozoic era?
supported development of new adaptation to terrestrial life.
diversification as species exposed to new environments.
what is external environment?
surrounding organism
what is internal environment?
where cells live
what happens during internal exchange?
Movement of water and materials into cells.
Exchange of water and materials between blood and body cells goes through interstitial fluid.
what is interstitial fluid?
fluid surrounding the cell
What exchange happens during external exchange?
take in oxygen, water and food.
Release carbon dioxide, urine, feces, heat, sweat
what are the adaptations with internal organs?
many internal structures now have branches and folded surfaces.
what is regulator?
internal control mechanisms maintain conditions different from the enviorment
what is conformer?
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
what where the environments like during the mesozoic era?
warm and stable climatic conditions of the ensuing mesozoic era promoted an explosive diversification of dinosaurs into every conceivable niche in land, air and water
what were the characteristics during the mesozoic era
Relatively small
diversification of plants
coevolution of plant and animals
complex trophic structures between producers and consumers.
what are the adaptations of the mammals in the cenozoic era?
increased in size
exploited vacated ecological niches in terrestrial and marine environments.
what are the adaptations of the bird from the cenozoic era?
descendants of dinosaurs
took advantage of flight and exploited open aerial niches.
what are invertebrates?
animals without backbones; Arthropods
what are examples of arthropods?
insects, crustaceans
what does it mean that invertebrates are ectotherms?
Regulate body temperature through environment.
they have greater tolerance for variation in body temperature than endotherms
what is an example of phylum porifera?
sponges
what are characteristics of phylum porifera?
lack tissue
sedentary
marine and freshwater
filter feeders
Phylum porifera are considered what sexaully?
Sequential hermaphroditism: function first as one sez and then as the other
what is a spicules?
most sponges are supported by small bone-like structure