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Final exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is ecology?

A

scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their environment

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2
Q

what is abiotic?

A

non-living components of environment

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3
Q

what is biotic?

A

living components of environment

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4
Q

Organisms must tolerate which type of condition?

A

abiotic conditions

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5
Q

what are abiotic conditions?

A

temperature
water and precipitation
salinity
soil/substrate

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6
Q

what do organisms need to obtain from the environment?

A

oxygen
energy source
water
organic and inorganic nutrients

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7
Q

what can interactions between organisms and environment can lead to what kind of evolution of a popultion?

A

Adaptation to abiotic components of environments
adaptations to biotic components of environments
- co-evolution of plants and insects

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8
Q

How can organisms influence the environment?

A

population controls
ecosystem engineers
energy production
nutrient cycling

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9
Q

what are the levels of organization?

A

organism, population and communities
ecosystem
biosphere

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10
Q

what are Real-world Application?

A

conservation and environmental managment

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11
Q

what are real-world applications:humans?

A

air pollution
food production
clean water
disease vectors
vaccines

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12
Q

what is endemic species?

A

only found in one geographic location

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13
Q

what is an example of endemic species?

A

florida scrub jays

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14
Q

what is generalist species?

A

found in large variety of habitats and geographic locations

usually has wide range of tolerances to environmental factors

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15
Q

what is an example of a generalist species?

A

racoons found throughout north and central america

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16
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy?

A

the sun is the ultimate source of energy that drives the global climate

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17
Q

what is albedo?

A

ability of a surface to reflect solar raditation

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18
Q

what do greenhouse gases do?

A

Absorb and reradiate the infrared radiation emitted by earth

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19
Q

what are the most common greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapor
carbon dioxide
methane
Nitrous oxide

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20
Q

what is global climate change?

A

changes in average climate variables

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21
Q

what causes global climate change?

A

combination of natural processes and rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases

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22
Q

what is te IPCC?

A

Intergovermental panel on climate change

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23
Q

what does IPCC do?

A

international scientific collaboration to assess global causes and effects of climate change

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24
Q

what are 3 ways we can understand climate change?

A

Evidence of current and past global climate change.
drivers of global climate change.
Documented results of climate change.

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25
Q

What is the most significant driver of climate change?

A

concentration of greenhouse gases

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26
Q

what is the greenhouse effect?

A

the warming of earth due to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere “trapping” heat

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27
Q

what is variation in solar intensity?

A

amount of solar power or energy the sun emits in a given amount of time varies over time

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28
Q

what is albedo?

A

ability of a surface to reflect solar radiation

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29
Q

what is the albedo level in ice and snow?

A

high albedo=reflects solar radiation away

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30
Q

what is the albedo level of rocks and oceans?

A

Low albedo=absorbs solar radiation

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31
Q

what is phenology?

A

effect of climate conditions on the timing of periodic life cycle event, such as flowering in plants or migration in birds

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32
Q

what is the biosphere?

A

latitudinal gradient in biodiversity

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33
Q

what is general trend?

A

higher biodiversity in tropical ecosystem than temperate or polar ecosystmes

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34
Q

what is the most diverse ecosystem?

A

tropical rainforest

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35
Q

what is the most diverse group of plants?

A

angiosperms

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36
Q

what is the most diverse group of animals?

A

invertebrates

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37
Q

what is terrestrial biomes?

A

all ecosystems on land.
Major plant community.
primary producers.
support other organism in environment.
regional climate shapes ecosystems around the world.

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38
Q

what are the abiotic factors affecting terrestrial biomes?

A

wind
storms
fire
soil

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39
Q

How many Biomes are in terrestrial?

A

8 major terrestrial biomes on earth

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40
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

Climate: high temp, high rainfall
plants: Dense canopy, shrub and vines.
high level of primary production
low soil nutrients of high decomposition rates.

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41
Q

Savannas

A

Climate: high temp. seasonal rainfall and frequent fires
plant: grasses and scattered tree
animals are grazers and their predators

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42
Q

Desert

A

Climate: dries of all ecosystems, daily fluctuation in temp.
plant: succulents, deep rooted shrubs.
animals often nocturnal and live in burrows
low productivity leads to lower animals diversity compared to other terrestrial biomes

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43
Q

chaparral

A

climate: moderate rainfall warm temp
plant: shrub adapted to periodic fires
animals: mammals, birds, and insects

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44
Q

Temperate grasslands

A

Climate: mild summer, cold winter, low rainfall frequent fires
Plant: grasses

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45
Q

Temperate forests

A

Climate: seasonal temps, moderate rainfall year round
Plant: broadleaf, deciduous tree

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46
Q

Boreal forests

A

climate: long cold winter, short we summer, precipitation is snow
Plant: evergreen coniferous tree

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47
Q

tundra

A

climate: Cold year round, low rainfall
Permaforst=frozen subsoil
plant: Small shrubs, grasses, mosses, lichens

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48
Q

Polar ice

A

Climate: cold, low precipitation
Plant: moss, lichens

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49
Q

Aquatic biomes

A

water-based ecosystem
abiotic conditions: marine and freshwater

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50
Q

what abiotic factors affecting aquatic biomes?

A

waves
water flow
depth
chemical concentrations

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51
Q

what is the salinity for bodies of water?

A

0.5 ppt

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52
Q

what is photic zone?

A

zone where sunlight penetrates and photosynthesis is possible

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53
Q

what is aphotic zone?

A

some light penetrates, but not enough for photosynthesis, up to 4000m deep

54
Q

what is Abyssal zone?

A

Permanently dark; replies on energy produce in euphotic zone

55
Q

what is intertidal zone?

A

land submerged at high tide, exposed at low tide

56
Q

what is the neritic zone?

A

biogenic habitats create structure

57
Q

what is the continental shelf?

A

shallow, near shore portion of submerged part of continnets

58
Q

what is the photic zone?

A

coral reefs, kelp forests, seagrass and algae beds; supports high biodiversity

59
Q

Bigogenic habitat

A

corals=animal
kelp=macroalgae

60
Q

what is seagrass beds

A

subtidal, photic zone
seagrass=ecosystem engineer

61
Q

what is ecosystem services?

A

Habitat, stabilizes sediments, primary producers, nutrients cycling

62
Q

pelagic zone

A

Photic zone
abundant phyotplankton and zooplankton

63
Q

what is nekton

A

swimming organisms

64
Q

pelagic zone

A

Aphotic zone
low temp, high pressure
density of organisms is low due to limited food.
Adaptations: large eyes, bioluminescence

65
Q

lotic systems

A

flowing

66
Q

lentic systems

A

still

67
Q

what are freshwater biomes?

A

lakes and ponds

68
Q

what are at the shoreline zone?

A

emergent plant

69
Q

What is at the benthic zone?

A

submerged platn

70
Q

what is by the open water?

A

floating plant and predatory fish

71
Q

what is considered freshwater ecosystem?

A

rivers and streasm

72
Q

what is watershed?

A

surrounding terrestrial environment draining into rivers link terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biomes

73
Q

oyster reefs

A

intertidal subtidal zone of esturaries.
create habitat in other species
Filter feeders

74
Q

coastal wetlands

A

low wave energy
range of salinities from freshwater to hypersaline.
plant create habitats for diverse group of organisms

75
Q

what is population?

A

group of organisms of same species living in specific geographic location

76
Q

Ecologist use multiple methods to estimate actual or absolute population of a species.

A

direct counts or observations quadrats, point, transects.
mark and recapture

77
Q

how do experts measure populations?

A

average the quadrats to estimate overall density
- # of individuals/m2

78
Q

steps for measuring populations

A
  1. all animals captured are tagged for identification during second visit
  2. use same method for capturing as first visit, count number of tagged vs. untagged animals caught
79
Q

what do experts assume when measuring a population?

A

No deaths
No births
No movement in or out of population
No trapping/ capturing bias

80
Q

what is population dispersion?

A

spatial arrangement of individuals within a geographical location
- uniform
- random
- clumped

81
Q

what is population demography?

A

population sizes vary depending on births, deaths and igration

82
Q

Type 1 survivorship

A

most individuals live to old age (Humans)

83
Q

Type 2 survivorship

A

survival constant over life span (Lizard)

84
Q

Type 3 survivorship

A

low survivorship of young ages (plants)

85
Q

what does a survivorship curve show?

A

graphical representation of individual surviving to each age in a life span

86
Q

what is life history traits?

A

events related to growth, development, reproduction, and survival of an organism over their life time

87
Q

what is natural selection?

A

Trait favors resulting in better chance of surviving and reproducing

88
Q

explain logistic growth model

A

describes how a population grows more slowly as it near carrying capacity

89
Q

what is density-independent factors?

A

limiting factors related to population size
- weather
- disturbance
- anthropogenic impacts

90
Q

what is Density-dependent factors?

A

limiting factors based on population size

91
Q

Competition (-,-)

A

species 1 and species 2 use same resources

92
Q

Predation(+,-)

A

species 1 (predator) eats species 2 (Prey)

93
Q

Herbivory (+,_)

A

Species 1 (animal) eats species 2 (plant)

94
Q

Parasite/ host (+,-)

A

Parasites: nutrition obtained through the host species
pathogens: Disease-causing organisms

95
Q

Mutualism (+,+)

A

Species 1 and species 2 benefit from interaction

96
Q

Commensalism (+,0)

A

One species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

97
Q

what is coevolution?

A

reciprocal adaptations in two species

98
Q

what is species diversity?

A

community level measure of biodiversity; variety of different species present in geographical location

99
Q

explain ecosystem engineers?

A

species create, modify or maintain physical habitat for use by other species

100
Q

explain keystone species.

A

species with an effect on the community greater than would be expected based on its biomass or abundance. Interacts with many other species in community

101
Q

what is succession?

A

when communities change over time

102
Q

what is primary succession?

A

occurs after a disturbance removes all living components or newly formed land is available of colonization (volcano eruption)

103
Q

what is secondary successsion?

A

Occurs after a disturbance removes some individuals in a community (fire)

104
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

a community of living organisms and their interactions with their abiotic (nonliving) environment

105
Q

what are the 3 types of ecosystems?

A

terrestrial
ocean
feshwater

106
Q

what is landscape?

A

geographic location with variety of ecosystem

107
Q

Trophic level steps.

A

Tertiary
Secondary
Primary Consumer
Primary Producer

108
Q

what is food web?

A

Graphic representation of a holistic, nolinear web or primary producer primary consumer and higher-level consumer

109
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

amount of carbon fixed in system by autotrophs

110
Q

Net primary Production (NPP)

A

Energy stored as carbon compounds in tissues

111
Q

what are the 2 autotrophs used by primary production?

A

photosynthesis: Plants, phytoplankton and algae
Chemosynthesis: Bacteria

112
Q

Primary production in terrestrial ecosystem

A

Temperature and moisture affect primary production on a large scale
- NPP increases with precipitation
- Increasing temperature and solar energy increase NPP

113
Q

Primary Production in aquatic ecosystems

A

Controls on net primary Production:
1. Nutrients
- nitrogen
- phosphorus
- iron
2. sunlight
- water depth
- photic zone
- aphotic zone
- water clarity

114
Q

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE)

A

amount of energy available decreases with each level

115
Q

Ecological pyramids

A

Graphical representation show the relative amount of biomass, number of organisms, or energy across trophic levels.
inverted biomass pyramids common in marine and freshwater systems

116
Q

what is bioaccumultion?

A

Concentration of chemicals from the environment in an organisms tissue

117
Q

what is biological magnification?

A

concentration of pollutants in organisms as they are passed through the food chain

118
Q

what is bioaccumulation?

A

Brought attention to negative effect of DDT and biocides on environment

119
Q

Biogeochemical process is what?

A

Cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems

120
Q

what is biotic?

A

living organisms store nutrients and water, cycle gases through photosynthesis and respiration

121
Q

what is abiotic reservoirs

A

storage of nutrients and water outside of living organisms

122
Q

what is anthropogenic?

A

burning of fossil fuels and land use change

123
Q

What is the process of global nitrogen cycle?

A

N in atmosphere fixed by bacteria.
Returned to atmosphere by denitrification.
Anthropogenic fluxes now dominate N cycle.
Rate of fixation of atmospheric N2 by humans exceeds natural rates.

124
Q

what environmental changes happen during global nitrogen cycle?

A

acid precipitation
increased greenhouse gases
Eutrophication of waterways

125
Q

Acid rain in US

A

Normal Ph of rain = 5.6
PH of acid rain < 5.2

126
Q

what are threats to global biodiversity

A

habitat loss, non-native species, overharvesting

127
Q

what is conservation biology?

A

applied ecological science, the study of phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss and restoration of biodiversity

128
Q

what are practical needs: ecosystem services…

A

production of goods, production of oxygen, recycling of nutrients, water filtration/ shoreline protections

129
Q

Biodiversity: medical applications

A

Fungi: penicillin
Tree bark: Aspirin
Horseshoe crab blood: LAL test

130
Q

what can conservation biology focus on?

A
  1. protecting endangered populations
  2. protecting ecosystems and landscapes
  3. decreasing threats to biodiversity
131
Q

what is the extinction vortex?

A

small populations become vulnerable to processes that acts to reduce it even further

132
Q

what is ecotourism?

A

tourism associated with visiting natural areas

Biology 2 (2 decks)

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