Kingdom Animalia Part 2 Flashcards
What are the three major characteristics at some stage of life of a chordate?
Notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal slits
These characteristics are fundamental to the phylum Chordata.
What does the notochord develop into in vertebrates?
A backbone
The notochord is a flexible rod-like structure that is eventually replaced by the vertebral column.
What develops from the anterior end of the nerve cord?
A brain
This is a key aspect of the central nervous system in chordates.
Name the three subphyla of chordates.
Urochordata, cephalochordata, (are invertebrates)
vertebrata (vertebrate)
These subphyla represent different evolutionary branches within Chordata.
What is an example of urochordates
Tunicates
An example of urochordates is the blue sea squirt.
What is an example of cephalochordates?
Lancelets
Lancelets are small, fish-like invertebrates that retain their notochord throughout life.
What type of skeleton do vertebrates possess and what is it made of and what does it do?
Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of cartilage or bone
The endoskeleton provides structural support and protection for internal organs.
What is the spinal column composed of in vertebrates?
Vertebrae
The spinal column encloses and supports the dorsal nerve cord.
What is cephalization?
The development of a distinct head with a skull and brain
Cephalization is a significant evolutionary advancement in vertebrates.
List the eight classes of vertebrates.
- Myxini
- Cephalospidomorphi
- Chondrichthyes
- Osteichthyes
- Amphibia
- Reptilia
- Aves
- Mammalia
These classes encompass a wide variety of vertebrate species.
What type of fish are Myxini and Cephalospidomorphi (give some examples)?
Jawless fishes
Myxini includes hagfish and Cephalospidomorphi includes lampreys.
What type of fishes are classified under Chondrichthyes and give some examples?
Cartilaginous fishes
Examples include sharks and rays.
What type of fishes are classified under Osteichthyes (give some examples)?
Bony fishes
This class includes most fish species, such as salmon and trout.
What are the three main types of vertebrate hearts?
Two-chambered, three-chambered, four-chambered
Each type corresponds to different vertebrate groups and their circulatory needs.
What type of heart do fish have (how many atria and ventricles)?
Two-chambered heart
It consists of 1 atrium and 1 ventricle.
What type of heart do amphibians and reptiles (except crocodilians) have,(how many atria and ventricles)?
Three-chambered heart
It consists of 2 atria and 1 ventricle.
What type of heart do crocodilian reptiles, birds, and mammals have (how many atria and ventricles)?
Four-chambered heart
It consists of 2 atria and 2 ventricles.
What are the three types of nitrogenous waste excretion?
- Ammonia-like fished
- Urea-like mammals
- Uric acid-like birds
These represent different adaptations for waste management in vertebrates.
What are the two main modes of fertilization in vertebrates?
Internal or external
This varies by species and affects reproductive strategies.
What type of fertilization do bony fish and amphibians (except salamanders) typically have?
External fertilization
Eggs are fertilized outside the female’s body.
What type of fertilization do reptiles, birds, and mammals typically have?
Internal fertilization
This process allows for more protection and development of the embryos.
What does oviparous mean?
Egg laying
Oviparous animals lay eggs that develop outside the mother’s body.
What does ovoviviparous mean (what animals do this)?
Fertilized eggs develop inside body until hatched
This is a reproductive strategy seen in some sharks and reptiles.
What does viviparous mean?
Young develops inside female until ‘born’
This method is common in most mammals.
What characteristics do vertebrates have?
1.They have an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
2. They have spinal column that enclose and support the dorsal nerve chord (spinal chord)
3. They have a distinct head with a skull and brain (cephalization)
