Kingdom Animalia Part 1 Flashcards
Define collar cells/choanocytes
Specialized cells with flagellum that create a current to bring water and food into the body of a sponge for filter feeding
Define sessile
This describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for it’s entire life - it does not move
Define osculum
A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
Define hermaphroditic
An organism that has both the male and female reproductive organs
define invertebrate
An animal that lacks a backbone
Define nematocysts
Small harpoon-like structures that when triggered can inject a toxin/venom into prey or predators. Found in cnidarians for feeding or defense. These are stinging cells
Define planula
The free-swimming, ciliated larva of a cnidarian - allows for movement to new areas
Define spicule
Glass-like structures found in the sponge that give support and structure. They act like a primitive skeleton
Define amoebocyte
A cell that can move around the body of the sponge to make the spicules and transport nutrients and wastes. Also, secretes chemicals to make the sponge taste bad.
Define heterotrophic
An organism that must consume food
Define acoelom
Animals that do not have a body cavity. The three tissue layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm) are all packed together with no space
Define coelom
Animals that do have a true body cavity. There is a space between the mesoderm and ectoderm
Define peritoneum
A multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place
Define Pseudocoelom
Animals that have a false body cavity. There is a fluid filled area between the mesoderm and ectoderm
Define endoderm
An inner tissue layer
Define mesoderm
A middle tissue layer
Define ectoderm
An outer tissue layer
Define mesoglea
A jelly-like layer found in cnidarians but it is NOT a true tissue layer
Define cephalization
A concentration of nerve tissue at the anterior end of the animal - start of the brain
Define symmetry
Refers to how the body plan of an animal is organized and arranged
Define bilateral symmetry
A body plan in which a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves - the left side and the right side; characteristic of Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, and Chordata
Define radial symmetry
A body plan in which the body parts repeat around a central point or axis of the body; characteristic of cnidarians and echinoderms
Define asymmetry
A body plan in which the animal lacks symmetry and has an irregular shape; characteristic of Porifera (sponges)
Define gastrovascular cavity
An area in animals that acts as a separate area for digestion. Like a primitive stomach. Food is digested here.
Define parasitic.
An organism that feeds off of another living organism
Define tegument/cuticle
The outer tissue later of a tapeworm that prevents it from being digested by it’s host
Define segmented
Having a body that is separated into parts such as we see in Annelida
Define scolex
The head of a tapeworm, which has hooks and suckers to adhere to the host tissues
Define proglottid
The detachable sections of a tapeworm that has male and female reproductive organs; breaks off when it’s eggs are fertilized and passed out of the hosts intestine. The tapeworm can fold over on itself and self fertilize by mating between two proglottids
Define setae
Bristles on the ventral/underside of the tapeworm that are used for traction
Define peristalsis
The rhythmic muscle contraction
Define ganglion
A collection of nerve cells
Define clitellum
Area of earthworm where mating occurs and it secretes a cocoon around the fertilized eggs
Define gizzard
A grinding organ found in the earthworm
Define crop
A storage area for food waiting to enter the gizzard of an earthworm
Define nephridia
Excretory organs that act like kidneys removing the waste from blood
Define esophagus
The passage between the pharynx and the crop in the earthworms - moves food along
Define pharynx
Muscular part that pushes food to the esophagus of the earthworm and allows it to get some oxygen
Define cyst
A dormant stage of a worm which has the baby worm encased in a thick protective coat awaiting to reach it’s proper host. Can be found in the muscle tissue of an intermediate host
Define dorsal
The back of an animal
Define ventral
The belly of underside of the animal
Define posterior
The tail end of the animal
Define anterior
The head end of the animal
Explain ecological roles of sponges
Food source, home/shelter for animals, symbiotic relationships with bacteria, recycle calcium from shells on ocean floor
Explain budding (which is also asexual reproduction in sponges)
An outgrowth occurs on the parent that will form a new individual
Explain fragmentation
Piece breaks off to form a new individual
Define branching
Where individuals radiate out from the parent
Define metamorphosis
A complete and dramatic change as the baby develops into an adult. So the baby looks very different from the adult form
Explain the process of filter feeding in sponges
Food enters the sponge through the pores. The food particles get stuck to the collar cells/choanocytes where they are put into a food vacuole to be digested. Amoebocytes help digest the food too. Any food particles too big to be trapped will exit the sponge through the osculum
What type of symmetry does phylum Cnidaria have?
Radial symmetry
What are some examples of phylum cnidara?
Sea jellies, hydra, coral colonies, sea anemones
What are some ecological roles of phylum cnidara besides food source and home/shelter?
Protect shorelines and anti cancer chemicals
What type of body cavity does phylum cnidara have?
Acoelom
How do cnidarians reproduce sexually?
Male and female medusa. Gametes fuse to form a planula
How do cnidarians reproduce asexually?
Budding and regeneration
What type of nervous system do cnidarians have?
Nerve net encircles body (first) coordinates nerves and muscles
