Chapter 3 - Kingdom Monera And Protista Flashcards
Define obligate anaerobe
Clostridium spirillum, can only grow in the absence of oxygen
Define obligate aerobe
Some bacteria, like those that cause tuberculosis, must have oxygen to survive
Define facultative anaerobes
The majority of bacteria-they can survive and grow with or without oxygen
Explain fermentation
When oxygen is absent, both obligate and facultative anaerobes obtain energy by fermentation. A chemical change caused by bacteria and yeasts in which a carbohydrate, usually a sugar, is changed to ethyl alcohol and CO2.
What are the products of fermentation?
CO2 and alcohol
Define parasite
Those that take their food from living organisms
Define taxonomy
A way of grouping organisms based on similar characteristics. Ex: all vertebrates have a backbone
Define prokaryote
Organisms which lack a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Define eukaryote
Organisms that have a true membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Define autotroph
Organisms that can make their own food
Define heterotroph
Organisms that cannot make their own food. They use autotrophs as a food source.
State the order of the classification system
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is the most general category of the classification system?
Kingdom
What is the most specific category of the classification system?
Species
Explain binomial nomenclature
We write the Genus name with a capital letter and the species name with a lower case letter. Both genus and species names are either underlined or italicized.
5 main characteristics of bacteria:
- Prokaryotes - this is the only prokaryotic kingdom
- Unicellular
- No membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm
- Single circular chromosome
- Reproduces by binary fission “splitting in two” -all bacteria undergo this form of asexual reproduction
What is a pili used for?
Movement
What is a cell wall used for?
Structure, support and protection of bacteria
What is cytoplasm?
Fluid part around organelles
What does a ribosome do?
Make proteins
What is a flagellum used for?
Movement
What is a chromosome
Circular DNA-genetic information
What are the two sub kingdoms of monera?
Subkingdom archaebacteria and subkingdom eubacteria
Explain subkingdom archaebacteria
Resemble first life forms on earth
Primitive
Define extremophiles
Able to live in extreme conditions
Define thermophiles
Able to survive in extreme temperature
Define halophiles
Very salty
Define acidiophiles
Very acidic
Define alkaliphiles
Very basic
Define methanogens
Methane gas
Explain subkingdom eubacteria
Largest group of monerans
Majority of bacteria
Most are decomposers/heterotrophs/saprophytes
Some photosynthesize like cyanobacteria or chemosynthesize
Explain how bacteria reproduce in binary fission (asexual)
When a bacterium has grown so that it has nearly doubled in size, it replicates it’s DNA and divides in half producing two identical daughter cells.
Why is binary fission an asexual form of reproduction?
Because binary fission does not involve the exchange or recombination of genetic information
Explain how bacteria reproduce in conjugation (sexual)
During conjugation, a long bridge of protein forms between and connects two bacterial cells. The plasmid from one cell called the donor is transferred to the other cell called the recipient, through this bridge. When the process is complete, the recipient cell has a different set of genes from those it had before conjugation occurred. The new combinations of genes increase genetic diversity in that population of bacteria.
Name 2 bacteria that undergo conjugation
Salmonella and escherichia coli
What are endospores and why are the important?
Some bacteria of the bacilli type have adapted to survival during unfavourable conditions by forming dormant or resting cells known as endospores. The endospores is formed inside a bacterial cell and are resistant to heat and aren’t easily destroyed.
How can bacteria move?
Some bacteria are propelled by means of one or more flagella. Others lash, snake, or spiral forward. Still others glide slowly along a layer of slime-like material that they secrete themselves. And there are some bacteria that do not move at all.
Explain respiration in bacteria: aerobic respiration
Oxygen and glucose to give bacteria energy
Explain respiration in bacteria: photosynthesis
Bacteria convert CO2 and water into carbohydrates by using the energy from sunlight.
Explain respiration in bacteria: fermentation
The products of fermentation are CO2 and alcohol. During fermentation, different groups of bacteria produce a wide array of organic compounds such as ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, acetone, acetic acid, and methane. (Methane is the main component of natural gas)
Explain the beneficial ecological roles of bacteria
Food source
Intestinal bacteria synthesizes vitamins in humans
Bacteria recycle and decompose, or break down, dead material.
Explain the ability to cause diseases in the ecological roles of bacteria
Some of the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria include diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and syphilis. Bacteria cause these diseases by either damaging the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down it’s living cells to use for food or they may release toxins that travel through the body interfering with the normal activity of the host.
How can bacteria be controlled?
Sterilization - this process destroys living bacteria by subjecting them to great heat or chemical action
Antibiotics
Food processing - refrigerating foods, boiling, frying, or steaming foods
What is the shape of bacilli?
Rod-shaped
What is the shape of cocci?
Spherical
What is the shape of spirilla?
Spiral
What type of grouping is involved in strepto?
Cocci cells grow into long chains
Ex) streptococcus
What type of grouping is involved in staphylo?
Cocci cells form large clumps and clusters
Ex) staphylococcus
Do antibiotics work against viruses?
No, because they target a bacterial protein that viruses don’t have.
What effect does unfinished antibiotic prescriptions have on bacteria?
The bacterial infection may not be completely wiped out, a situation which can give rise to a resistant strain which may be more difficult to treat in the future.
Explain how over-prescribing antibiotics can lead to resistant forms.
Antibiotics can increase resistance emerging in harmless bacteria which can become aggressive and cause infections. Just the existence of antibiotic resistant bacteria increases the likelihood of resistance being passed on to other bacteria. There is a contributed increase in the rate of antibiotic resistance due to the misuse and abuse if antibiotics.
How can antibiotic resistance spread?
Sexual reproduction (conjugation) Food or water can spread it.
How can antibiotic resistance be an example of natural selection?
Survival of the fittest. Ones that didn’t get killed off by the virus have a favourable gene.
Explain 2 ways genetic change can occur in bacteria
Spontaneous mutation in the bacteriums DNA and transfer of antibiotic resistant genes.
Explain kingdom Protista characteristics:
All eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane bound organelles)
Complex organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes…)
Most are unicellular
Autotrophs, heterotrophs or both
All reproduce asexually, some sexually
Found in water environments (pond, ocean, lake, puddle, or damp soil)
What are the 3 groups of kingdom Protista?
Plant-like Protists
Animal-like Protists
Fungi-like protists
What are characteristics of plant-like protists?
Called phytoplankton, autotrophs, supply oxygen, have cell walls
What are the characteristics of animal-like protists?
Called zooplankton, heterotrophs, move, respond to stimuli
What are the characteristics of fungi-like protists?
Slime molds, prefer shady, cool, damp areas, heterotrophs
Fill in the blanks: Euglenophyta Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Euglenophyta
Plant-like phylum
Reproduction: asexual
Locomotion: flagella
Nutrition: autotroph=photosynthesis AND heterotrophs=saprophytes
Other Information: have an eye spot which detects amount of light
Examples: euglena
Fill in the blanks: Chrysophyta Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Chrysophyta
Plant-like phylum
Reproduction: asexual and sexual
Locomotion: mainly non-motile -rely on ocean currents and tides for movement
Nutrition: autotrophs
Other Information: cell wall in 2 unequal halves. Cell wall made of glass (silicon)
Examples: diatoms
Fill in the blanks: Pyrrophyta Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Pyrrophyta Plant-like phylum Reproduction: asexual Locomotion: flagella Nutrition: autotrophs Other Information: luminescent and causes red tide Examples: dinoflagellates
Define flagella
Used to propel the organism through aquatic environments in a whiplike fashion
Define pellicle
Firm yet flexible covering that surrounds euglena
Define eyespot
Part of the euglenas sensory-motor system, used to detect light
Define contractile vacuole
Used to collect and remove excess water
Define chloroplast
Organelles that specialize in photosynthesis, and contain the green pigment chlorophyll found in plant cells
Define nucleus
The control centre for the cell. Contains hereditary information
Define mitochondria
Organelles that specialize in aerobic respiration
Define macronucleus
Larger of the two types of nuclei in ciliates, which controls the life process of the cell
Define micronucleus
Small nucleus in ciliates that undergoes meiosis and mitosis during conjugation and contains more gene than the macronucleus
Define food vacuole
Membrane-enclosed cavity in protists in which food is digested
Define cilia
Hair-like structures used by microorganisms for movement or to attach themselves to a substrate.
Define trichocysts
Flask-shaped structure in the pellicle a of some protists used to defend and anchor the organism
Define gullet
Indentation on one side of a paramecium that brings food from the outside to the interior of the cell
Define pseudopod
Finger like projection of cytoplasm used for movement and feeding
Define ectoplasm
A thin, semi-rigid layer under the plasma membrane
A layer of amoeba cytoplasm
Define endoplasm
One of the two layers in amoeba cytoplasm that is a more fluid part that fills the inside of the cell
Define Phagocytosis
A process where an amoeba feeds by having it’s pseudopods simply flow around and engulf food particles
Explain cytoplasmic streaming
The cytoplasm of the cell streams into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows
Fill in the blanks: Sarcodina Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Sarcodina Phylum animal-like Reproduction: asexual Locomotion: pseudopods (false feet) movement occurs by cytoplasmic streaming-extensions or projections of cytoplasm Nutrition: phagocytosis-heterotrophs Other Information: cytoplasmic streaming Examples: amoeba
Fill in the blanks: Ciliophora Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Ciliophora
Animal-like phylum
Reproduction: asexual and sexual
Locomotion: cilia
Nutrition: cilia used to sweep food into “mouth”- heterotrophs
Other Information: trichocysts for defense
Examples: paramecium
Fill in the blanks: Sporozoa Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Sporozoa
Animal-like phylum
Reproduction: asexual and sexual (spores)
Locomotion: non-motile=rely on vector or body fluids of host for movement
Nutrition: all parasitic-heterotrophs
Other Information: need host for nutrition
Examples: plasmodium
Fill in the blanks: Mastigophora/zoomastigina Reproduction: Locomotion: Nutrition: Other Information: Examples:
Mastigophora/zoomastigina
Animal-like phylum
Reproduction: asexual
Locomotion: flagella
Nutrition: heterotrophs-most are parasites
Other Information: cause disease in humans
Examples: trichonympha and trypanosomiasis
Where do euglenophytes thrive?
Where sewage is discharged because they can absorb nutrients
What are blooms?
Large masses of cells that can result and are harmful
What decreases the oxygen of lakes?
When euglenophytes run out of nutrients they die and add to the waste matter. This will affect fish and other creatures as well.
What is red tide caused by?
Blooms of dinoflagellates (pyrrophyta)
What are the harmful affects of red tide?
They produce a toxin that can become concentrated in the tissues of shellfish. The toxin affects the nervous system causing illness, paralysis, or death of humans, fish, and other marine animals.
What can coral contain and what are the benefits?
Dinoflagellates which photosynthesize and coral can live off the products of photosynthesis and therefore live where there are not many nutrients in the water.
What is phytoplankton an important part of?
The food chain for many organisms such as whales, shrimp, and squid.
What does phytoplankton produce?
Oxygen for the Earth
What does plasmodium cause?
Malaria passed on by a mosquito
What does trypanosomiasis cause?
African sleeping sickness passed on by tsetse fly
What does entamoeba cause?
Amoeba lives in the digestive tract and causes dysentery. This is spread through contaminated water sources.
What are the beneficial effects of trichonympha?
Lives in the intestines of termites to digest wood. (Symbiotic)
What are zooplankton an important part of?
Food chain
Finish the sentence: by knowing how the protist reproduces you can…
Control their spread. This shows where the organism is vulnerable in their life cycle.
What is a method of controlling malaria?
Spraying mosquitoes
Explain the life cycle of plasmodium (malaria)
Mosquito bites infected human and picks up plasmodium
Plasmodium develops inside the mosquito
Mosquito bites human, injecting the plasmodium in it’s saliva
Infects the liver cells and bursts them open (lysis)
Infects the red blood cells
Red blood cells burst releasing plasmodium.
Some plasmodium can now infect other red blood cells and other can infect mosquitoes.
Cycle repeats.
Slime molds-fungi like protists: 2 parts to their life cycle
A) produces spores from fruiting bodies (reproductive structure)
These spores help spread the slime mold to new areas.
B) it is able to move to new areas by cytoplasmic streaming.
Like an amoeba
