Kingdom Animalia

Question 0

Acoelomate/pseudocoelomate/coelomate

Answer 0

• no body cavity b/w gut and outer covering
• has body cavity, but not completely lined with mesoderm
• has body cavity, completely lined with mesoderm

Question 1

5 general characteristics of kingdom animalia

Answer 1

• all eukaryotic
• all heterotrophic (ingestion)
• carbohydrate storage: glycogen
• sexual reproduction is most common (some can reproduce asexually: budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis)
• no cell wall

Question 2

2 subkingdoms of kingdom animalia

Answer 2

• parazoa: sponges

- eumetazoa: all other animals

Question 3

Phylum Porifera

Answer 3

• sponges
• only phylum in subkingdom parazoa
• no tissues (cellular level organization)
• sac-type body plan
• asymmetrical
• most hermaphroditic
• filter feeders
• classification based on spicules
• reproduce sexually or asexually by budding
• ciliated larvae

Question 4

What are the 2 cell types by which sponges filter feed?

Answer 4

• collar cells/choanocytes: have flagella that drive water past the cell, particles become trapped and get digested inside cells
• amoebocytes: cells that wander the mesophyl (jelly-like layer b/w epidermal cells and choanocytes) and take food from choanocytes and distributes it; it may also get rid of wastes; can store food

Question 5

3 classes of sponges

Answer 5

• Class Calcarea: calcium carbonate spicules
• Class Hexactinellida: silica spicules
• Class Demospongiae: spongin spicules

Question 6

Spicules

Answer 6

• Fibers in sponges that are produced by amoebocytes
• 3 types: calcium carbonate, silica, and spongin
• type determines class

Question 7

Phylum Cnidaria

Answer 7

• includes jellyfish
• definite tissues
• aquatic environment
• mesoglea: jelly-like layer b/w epidermis and gastrodermis
• radial symmetry
• nerve nets: non centralized arrangement of neurons
• extracellular digestion takes place in gastrovascular cavity then is taken into cells (phagocytosis)
• unique in possession of cnidocytes, or specialized cells that contain a whip-like stinging barb called a nematocyst
• some alternate b/w polyp (sessile stage) and medusa (free-swimming) forms
• 4 classes

Question 8

4 classes in phylum Cnidaria

Answer 8

• class Hydrozoa
• class Scyphozoa
• class cubozoa
• class Anthozoa

Question 9

Class Hydrozoa

Answer 9

• under phylum Cnidaria
• Hydrozoa: “water animal”
• polyp is main stage of life cycle
• medusa is used for sexual reproduction
• larvae are called planula

Question 10

Class Scyphozoa

Answer 10

• in phylum Cnidaria
• true jellyfish
• medusa is dominant stage

Question 11

Class Cubozoa

Answer 11

• in phylum Cnidaria
• common names: box jellies, sea wasps
• Chironex fleckeri, a sea wasp, is one of deadliest organisms
• sea turtles immune to stings, allowing them to eat cubozoans

Question 12

Class Anthozoa

Answer 12

• in phylum Cnidaria
• Anthozoa: “flower animal”
• includes corals and sea anemones
• polyp stage only (no medusa)
• skeletons of coral build reefs
• some have symbiotic relationships w/ algae (zooanthellae): coral provide housing/ algae photosynthetic

Question 13

Phylum Ctenophora

Answer 13

• common name: comb jellies
• tissue-level organization
• radial symmetry
• largest animal to use cilia for locomotion

Question 14

Protostomia

Answer 14

• Major grouping in animal kingdom that includes lower invertebrates
• protostome: “mouth first”
• blastopore becomes mouth
• determinate cleavage
• spiral cleavage
• mesoderm arises from endoderm from 2 cells near blastopore that divide
• coelom arises from split in solid mesoderm

Question 15

Deuterostomia

Answer 15

• major grouping in animal kingdom that includes higher invertebrates and chordates
• deuterostome: “mouth second”
• blastopore becomes anus
• indeterminate cleavage
• radial cleavage
• mesoderm arises from endoderm as a pair of pouches from endoderm wall
• coelom arises as a cavity in a pouch of mesoderm

Question 16

Acoelomates

Answer 16

• major grouping of kingdom animalia that includes animals with no coelom (flat packed, no cavity)
• includes only 1 phylum: Platyhelminthes

Question 17

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Answer 17

• common name: flatworms
• platy= “flat”
• branched gastrovascular cavity
• digestion is both extracellular and intracellular
• no circulatory or respiratory system
• excretion is via flame cells in protonephridia
• 3 germ layers (has mesoderm)
• has true organs
• nerve cords w/ ganglia
• tube-in-tube body plan
• body is dorsal-ventrally flattened
• only acoelomate phylum
• protostome
• includes 3 classes

Question 18

3 classes in phylum Platyhelminthes

Answer 18

• Class Turbellaria
• Class Trematoda
• Class Cestoda

Question 19

Class Turbellaria

Answer 19

• in phylum Platyhelminthes
• includes Planeria
• has “eyespots” (light sensitive regions)
• capable of primitive learning
• most hermaphroditic

Question 20

Class Trematoda

Answer 20

• in phylum Platyhelminthes
• common name: flukes
• all members are parasites
• many have complex life cycle with several hosts

Question 21

Class Cestoda

Answer 21

• in phylum Platyhelminthes
• common name: tapeworms
• parasitic
• lives in gut
• head region is called scolex and has hooks and suckers to help it hang on to guttural lining
• has repeating “packets” of reproductive organs called proglottids
• often has 2+ hosts
• hermaphroditic

Question 22

Phylum Rotifera

Answer 22

• common name: rotifers
• “wheel” animals (refers to crown of cilia)
• cell-constant animals (all members of a species have the same number of cells)
• lost cells not replaced by mitosis
• have grinding organ called a mastax (also trophi)
• can reproduce by parthenogenesis
• tiny- looks like a protist, but is actually multicellular
• habitats include fresh and marine aquatic, as well as terrestrial
• 3 germ layers
• organs present
• tube-in-tube body plan
• one-way digestive system
• bilateral symmetry
• pseudocoelomate

Question 23

Phylum Nematoda

Answer 23

• common name: round worm
• longitudinal muscles only
• some free living; some parasitic
• habitats include basically everywhere but the air
• hydrostatic skeleton: fluid in coelom
• no circulatory system
• includes Trichinella, hookworms, pin worms, and fiaria worms (cause of elephantiasis)
• bilateral symmetry
• organs present
• 3 germ layers
• tube-in-tube body plan
• psuedocoelomate