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Intro Bio > Chapter 34-Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 34-Vertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

notochord

A
  • one of 4 key characters of chordates, present in all chordate embryos and some adults
  • a longitudinal, flexible rod located b/w the digestive tube and the nerve cord
  • composed of large, fluid-filled cells encased in fairly stiff, fibrous tissue
  • provides skeletal support throughout most of length of chordate
  • replaced by backbone in some chordates
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2
Q

pharyngeal clefts/slits

A
  • one of 4 key characters of chordates, present in all chordate embryos
  • series of pouches separated by grooves (clefts) that forms along the sides of the pharynx
  • in most chordates, clefts develop into slits that open to the outside of the body, allowing water entering the mouth to exit the body w/o passing through the entire digestive tract
  • function as suspension-feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates
  • in vertebrates (except tetrapods) slits have been modified for gas exchange and are called gill slits
  • in tetrapods, clefts do not develop into slits, but play a role in the development of parts of the ear, etc.
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3
Q

lancelets

A
  • cephalochordates
  • most basal group of living chordates
  • following metamorphosis, adult wiggles backward into the sand, leaving only anterior end exposed
  • cilia draw sea water into mouth to extract food particles
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4
Q

tunicates

A
  • once settled on a substrate, it undergoes a radial metamorphosis in which many of chordate characteristics disappear
  • as an adult, tunicate draws in water through an incurrent siphon; water passes through pharyngeal gill slits into chamber called the atrium and exits through an excurrent siphon
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5
Q

neural crest

A
  • unique to craniates
  • a collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo
  • migrate and give rise to several structures, including teeth, parts of skull, dermis of facial region, PNS, and sensory capsules in which eyes and other sense organs develop
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6
Q

craniates

A
  • chordates with a head (brain at anterior end of dorsal nerve cord, eyes and other sensory organs, and a skull)
  • have 2+ sets of Hox genes
  • high metabolic rate
  • extensive muscular system
  • heart w/ at least 2 chambers
  • red blood cells w/ hemoglobin
  • kidneys that remove waste products from the blood
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7
Q

conodonts

A
  • slender, soft-bodied vertebrates w/ prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles
  • set of barbed hooks at anterior end of mouth are made of dental tissues that were mineralized
  • 1st bone
  • “cone teeth”
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8
Q

lampreys

A
  • most basal lineage of living vertebrates
  • most are parasites that feed by clamping round, jawless mouth onto flank of live fish and penetrating fish w/ tongue to ingest its blood
  • has cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord
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9
Q

gnathostomes

A
  • jawed vertebrates
  • includes sharks, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • jaws evolved by modification of the skeletal rods that had previously supported the pharyngeal slits
  • duplicated genome
  • enlarged forebrain
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10
Q

lateral line system

A
  • characteristic of aquatic gnathostomes

- organs that form a row along each side of the body and are sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

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11
Q

placoderms

A

extinct lineages of armored vertebrates that were some of earliest gnathostomes on fossil record

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12
Q

acanthodians

A

extinct lineages of gnathostomes that emerged around the same time as placoderms

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13
Q

chondrichthyans

A
  • class of fish that includes sharks, skates, & rays
  • skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
  • “cartilaginous fish”
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14
Q

oviparous

A

female lays eggs and encases them in protective coats before releasing them to hatch externally

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15
Q

ovoviviparous

A
  • female retains eggs internally in the oviduct

- nourished by the yolk, the embryos develop into young that are born after hatching w/n the uterus

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16
Q

viviparous

A

young develop in the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother’s blood through a yolk sac placenta, by absorbing a nutritious fluid produced by the uterus, or by eating other eggs

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17
Q

cloaca

A

a common chamber where the execratory system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract empty via a single external opening

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18
Q

osteichthyans

A
  • vast majority of vertebrates
  • have an ossified endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate
  • “bony fish”
  • includes bony fishes and tetrapods
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19
Q

operculum

A

protective bony flap that covers chambers of gills

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20
Q

swim bladder

A
  • air sac fishes use to control their buoyancy

- movement of gases from the blood to the swim bladder increases buoyancy

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21
Q

ray-finned fishes

A
  • class actinopterygii
  • named for bony rays that support their fins
  • includes nearly all aquatic osteichthyans familiar to us
22
Q

lobe-finned fishes

A

rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in pectoral and pelvic fins

23
Q

lung fish

A
  • type of lobe-finned fishes
  • 3 types: i) lives in stagnant water, cannot leave; ii) can “walk” to other bodies of water; iii) liver in river beds that dry up, mucus cocoon
24
Q

tetrapods

A
  • gnathostomes that have limbs
  • in place of pectoral and pelvic fins, have limbs w/ digits
  • neck
25
Q

amphibians

A
  • includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
  • more fossils than alive today
  • breathe through moist skin (but have lungs)
  • first 3 chambered heart (2 atria/1 ventricle)
  • external fertilization needs water
  • ectothermic
26
Q

amniotes

A
  • group of tetrapods including reptiles and mammals (land dwellers)
  • amniotic egg: doesn’t need water
  • rib cage-based ventilation
27
Q

amniotic egg

A
  • contains 4 specialized membranes (extraembryonic membranes): amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois
  • desiccation proof
28
Q

amnion

A

extraembryonic membrane that encloses a compartment of fluid that bathes the embryo (keeps it moist) and acts as a hydraulic shock absorber

29
Q

chorion

A

extraembryonic membrane that functions in gas exchange

30
Q

yolk sac

A

extraembryonic membrane that contains a stockpile of nutrients

31
Q

allantois

A

extraembryonic membrane that functions as a disposal sac for wastes and with the chorion in gas exchange

32
Q

reptile

A
  • clade that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians
  • have scales w/ keratin
  • internal fertilization
  • ectothermic
  • advanced limbs over amphibians
  • 1st 4-chambered heart seen in crocodilians
33
Q

ectothermic

A

“cold-blooded”

34
Q

endothermic

A

“warm-blooded”

35
Q

tuatara

A
  • “living fossil”

- light-detecting organ on top of head

36
Q

archosaurs

A

lineage that produced crocodilians and birds

37
Q

mammals

A
  • amniotes w/ hair and milk
  • came from synapsids
  • tooth differentiation
  • 3 ear bones
  • sweat glands
38
Q

monotremes

A
  • primitive mammals that lay eggs
  • includes platypus and ant eaters
  • no nipples (sweat gland-type mammaries)
39
Q

placenta

A

structure in which nutrients diffuse into the embryo from the mother’s blood

40
Q

eutherians

A
  • placental animals (placentas are more complex than those of marsupials)
  • longer pregnancy
  • embryonic development completed in uterus
41
Q

anthropoids

A

one of 3 major groups of living primates that includes monkeys and apes

42
Q

primates

A

mammalian order that includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

43
Q

prosemians

A

primate grouping including lemurs, tarsiers, lorises, pottos, etc

44
Q

new world monkey

A
  • South and Central America
  • prehensile tail
  • open & up snout
45
Q

old world monkey

A
  • Asia and Africa
  • no prehensile tail (some no tail)
  • more down snout (like us)
46
Q

great apes

A
  • includes gibbons, orangutans, bonobos, gorillas, chimps, and humans
  • today, nonhuman apes found exclusively in tropical regions of the old world
  • larger brain in proportion to body size
  • more flexible behavior
47
Q

Hominidae

A
  • human family

- just humans

48
Q

hominoids

A

-non-taxonomic term for apes and humans

49
Q

hominins

A

fossils on line to us

50
Q

Homo habilis

A
  • 1st evidence of tools
  • cranial capacity ~1000-1200 bc
  • 1.5 - 2.4 million years ago
51
Q

Homo erectus

A
  • 1st of hominins to leave Africa
  • had fire
  • 1st ancestor to fight w/ each other
  • cranial capacity ~750 bc
  • 1.8 - .3 million years ago
52
Q

Homo neaderthalensis

A
  • not related to us
  • lived in groups
  • took care of injured
  • 1st to bury dead
  • .4 - .1 million years ago

Intro Bio (6 decks)

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