king richard and king john Flashcards
What years was Richard I king between?
1189-1199
What years was King John king between?
1199-1216
What was the name of the Empire that Richard and John controlled?
The Angevin Empire
Why was Richard out of the country for the majority of his reign?
i. Crusade wars
ii. Defending land in Normandy
What happened to Richard on his way home from the Crusade?
He was kidnapped by the Duke of Austria
What is a Crusade?
A religious war against Muslims in the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
Who did King John face threats from over his family land?
The King of France
Why did King John fall out with the Pope?
The candidate for the post of Archbishop of Canterbury
Why did the Barons rebel against King John?
He treated them badly and raised their taxes a lot
When did King John sign the Magna Carta?
1215
What was the name of system that organised society into sections?
The Feudal System
Who was at the top of the system and had to provide peace, protection and land for the people beneath them?
the KIng
Who was second and third in the system?
Barons (second) and Knights (third)
Who is at the bottom of the system?
Peasants
What was a Medieval King expected to do?
To be a strong ruler
ii. To enforce justice
iii. To keep the country safe from attack
What was the principle of primogeniture and was this followed in the 12th century?
The eldest son inherits the title of King from his father
No, people became King for other reasons as well
What happened at the moment a new King was anointed with Holy oils?
He took the title of rex and was given divine authority
What were two features of the King’s duties?
Chief decision maker
ii. Showing fairness and mercy in his decisions
What were two features of how a King’s authority was ritualised and displayed?
. The anointing with holy oils
ii. Being crowned in front of the most important nobles and members of the clergy
What was itinerant kingship?
The practice of the king and his court travelling from place to place around the country
How did itinerant kingship help with encouraging loyalty from subjects?
It ensured that everyone knew he was the King
Who was King Richard I?
Richard was King of England between 1189-1199.
He is most well known for going on the Third Crusade
Who was King John?
John was King of England between 1199-1216.
He is most well known for signing the Magna Carta in 1216.
Who was King Henry II?
The father of King Richard and King John.
He died in 1189
Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine?
The mother of Richard and John.
Eleanor was a powerful lady who owned a lot of land in France.
Who was King Philip II of France?
The King of France between 1180-1223.
He started going on Crusade with King Richard and battled with King John over land in France.
Who was William Marshal?
A very important Baron
He supports Richard in becoming King
Who was Pope Gregory VIII?
He was responsible for calling the Third Crusade in 1187
Who was Stephen Langton?
He was elected as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1205 by Pope Innocent III against John’s wishes
Who was Pope Innocent III?
He was responsible for putting England in an Interdict and excommunication King John
What does hierarchy mean?
A way of organising society by authority levels, the most important person at the top
What were the four main ranks in the system?
King
Tenants-in-Chief
Knights
Peasants
What was the King’s role in the system?
He granted land and tax concessions
Provided peace, law, protection in return for loyalty and service
What was the tenants-in-chief- role in the system?
They granted land and privileges to Knights
Assisting and advising the government
What were the peasants’ role in the system?
They worked on the land that was owned by their Lord
What were the three types of peasants in the feudal system?
i. Freeman, paid rent for their land but could move
ii. Villein, a peasant who was the property of their lord and couldn’t move
iii. Cottar, a peasant who held a cottage with a small piece of land
What was the Royal Demesne?
The land that was owned and kept by the King
What were two features of Knight Service?
. To serve in the King’s army for at least two months, they had to provide their own resources
ii. To perform up to 40 days’ service in guarding the lord’s castle and in training
What were two features of Labour service?
They had to work for their overlords by collecting the harvest for farming the land
ii. They didn’t owe military service as it was the duty of their Lord to protect them
How did forfeiture help the feudal system function properly?
It meant that if a vassal didn’t perform as he promised to in his oath, then his land would be taken away
How important was religion in the medieval world?
Very, it was at the center of most people’s lives
What religion were the majority of people in Western Europe?
Catholic
Who was the Pope?
The Pope was the head of the Catholic Church, as God’s representative on Earth
Did Kings in individual countries have a say over religion?
They expected to have a say in the appointment of key individuals
What were two features of how the Church was structured?
i. The Archbishop of Canterbury supervised the clergy in England
Ii.The bishops managed an area called a diocese and the priests and monks in it
What were two features of how the Church worked as a part of the feudal system?
i. Care for the spiritual welfare of the people by making sure they followed the Church’s teachings
ii. The Church owned about 20% of the land in England, they had to perform duties to keep it
Why did the clergy have conflict of interests?
The clergy saw the pope as their supreme overlord whereas the King expected complete loyalty from them
When would a pope use punishments such as Interdict and Excommunication?
If they felt that a serious crime against the Church had been committed.
What were the main problems faced?
People struggled to provide for their families
What was the difference between a villein and a freeman?
A villein worked for the overlord and the freeman rented land from the overlord
What was the manorial estate?
Villages that surrounded a manor house in which the lord of the manor lived
What was the purpose of the reeve?
An official chosen from the villeins to supervise the farm work
How were fields organised?
Into fallows and strips
What was the most profitable industry in the 13th century?
Wool
What role did animals play in the lives of peasants?
They could be used for produce (milk) or to graze the land
What were two features of peasant housing?
They were made of wooden strips woven together and plastered with manure
ii. They lived in one room with very little furniture
What were two features of peasant labour?
i. They worked from dawn until dusk
ii. They used very basic equipment
What were two features of life for peasant women and children?
i. Women had to take care of the house and family
ii. Children didn’t go to school, when they were old enough they would go work with their father
What were two features of leisure time for peasants?
i. They had days off for festivals, these were often Christian festivals
ii. Festivals included sports like wrestling and ale drinking competitions
