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Z Chemistry GCSE > Kinetic Theory and Diffusion > Flashcards

Kinetic Theory and Diffusion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of solids?

A
  1. Strong forces of attraction between particles holding the particles are close together in a fixed positions to form a very regular lattice arrangement
  2. Cannot move, only vibrate in a fixed position, the hotter the solid becomes the more they vibrate (causing solids to expand slightly when heated)
  3. Arranged in a regular pattern
  4. Cannot be compressed
  5. Definite shape and volume
  6. Dense
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2
Q

What are the properties of liquids?

A
  1. Weak force of attraction between particles
  2. Particles are close together
  3. Can move around/past each other
  4. Arranged in a random way
  5. More energy than in a solid
  6. Cannot be compressed easily
  7. Definite volume but do not keep a definite shape and will flow to fill the bottom of a container
  8. The particles are constantly moving with a random motion, the hotter the liquid gets the faster they move. This causes liquids to expand slightly when heated
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3
Q

What are the properties of gases?

A
  1. The force of attraction between the particles is very weak they are free to move and are far apart
  2. Arranged in a random way and can move quickly in different directions, the particles in gases travel in straight lines
  3. More energy than a liquid or solid
  4. Do not keep definite shape or volume and will always fill any container
  5. Particles move constantly with random direction, the hotter the gas gets, the faster they move. Gases either expand when heated, or their pressure increases
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4
Q

What is a solid to a liquid?

A
  • Melting
  • When a solid is heated, its particles gain more energy
  • This makes the particles vibrate more which weakens the forces that hold the solid together
  • This makes the solid expand
  • At a certain temperature the particles have enough energy to break free from their positions
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5
Q

What is a liquid to a gas

A
  • Evaporating
  • When a liquid is heated the particles get even more energy and this energy makes the particles move faster, which weakens and breaks the bonds holding the liquid together
  • At a certain temperature the particles have enough energy to break their bonds
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6
Q

What is a gas to a liquid

A

Condensing

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7
Q

What is a liquid to a solid

A

Freezing

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8
Q

What is a solid to a gas or a gas to a solid?

A

Sublimation

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9
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made up of only 1 type of atom

E.G copper

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10
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made up of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions
E.G H20 NH3 NaCl

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11
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A substance made up of 2 or more components not chemically bonded together E.G Air, Sea water, Crude oil, Bronze

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • Gases diffuse quicker than liquids
  • The lighter the molecule (H2) the faster it will diffuse than a heavier molecule (Br2)
  • Hotter temperature faster rate of diffusion
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13
Q

Describe the experiment between bromine and air

A
  1. Fill half a gas jar full of brown bromine gas and the other half full of air and separate the gases with a glass plate
  2. When the glass plate is removed the brown bromine gas slowly diffuses through the air
  3. The random motion of the particles means that the bromine will eventually diffuse right through the air, and the bromine particles and air particles bounce around at random to give an even mixture
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14
Q

What experiment shows that particles in different gases travel at different speeds?

A
  1. Bits of cotton wool are soaked in concentrated ammonia solution (as a source of ammonia gas) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (as a source of hydrogen chloride gas)
  2. These are placed at the ends of a long glass tube with rubber bungs to stop the poisonous gases escaping
  3. Depending on the length and diameter of the glass tube, eventually a white solid ring of ammoniuM chloride will form closer to the HCL cotton wool
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15
Q

What do the results of the ammonia and HCL experiment show?

A
  • Therefore the ammonia gas particles have travelled further faster the the ammonia particles are LIGHTER than the hydrogen chloride particles.
  • Thus light particles are faster than heavier particles
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16
Q

What is diffusion like in liquids?

A

-Diffusion is very slow in liquids if the liquid is still

17
Q

What is synthesis?

A

A reaction when a compound is formed from simpler reactants

E.G Iron and sulphur go to Iron Sulphide

18
Q

What is decomposition?

A
  • A reaction when a compound is broken down into simpler products
  • Generally require a form of energy: heat, light, electricity
  • Thermal decomposition copper carbonate to copper oxide and carbon dioxide
  • Light decomposition silver bromide to silver and bromine
  • Electrolysis decomposition water to hydrogen and oxygen
19
Q

What does a physical change do?

A

Does not change the particles just their arrangement or their energy

20
Q

What is an experiment to show diffusion in liquids?

A
  1. If you take a beaker of water and place some potassium manganate (VII) at the bottom, the purple colour slowly spreads out to fill the container
  2. The particles of potassium manganate (VII) are diffusing out among the particles of water
  3. It is the random motion of particles in a liquid that causes the purple colour to eventually be evenly spread out throughout the water
    - Potassium Manganate solution is left to stand in a gas jar of water, it can take days for the colour to diffuse throughout the whole water
    - This is because there are only small gaps between the liquid particles for the other particles to diffuse into
21
Q

How is diffusion relevant to dilution, in an experiment?

A

-If you were to add more water to the final purple solution, the potassium manganate (VII) particles would spread even further apart and the solution would be less purple this is called dilution

22
Q

What is a molecule?

A

a

23
Q

What is an atom?

A

a

Z Chemistry GCSE (16 decks)

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