Kinetic Particle Theory Flashcards
1
Q
What does the kinetic particle theory state about matter?
A
All matter is made up of tiny particles, which move randomly all the time.
2
Q
List the three physical states of matter.
A
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
3
Q
Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid.
A
Very closely packed and arranged in an orderly manner.
4
Q
What are the forces of attraction between particles in a solid?
A
Very strong.
5
Q
How do particles in a solid move?
A
Vibrate or rotate about fixed positions.
6
Q
What is the kinetic energy of particles in a solid?
A
Very low.
7
Q
Does a solid have a definite shape?
A
Yes.
8
Q
Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid.
A
Closely packed but arranged in a disorderly manner.
9
Q
What are the forces of attraction between particles in a liquid?
A
Less strong than in a solid.
10
Q
How do particles in a liquid move?
A
Move freely throughout the liquid.
11
Q
What is the kinetic energy of particles in a liquid?
A
Low but higher than in a solid.
12
Q
Does a liquid have a definite shape?
A
No.
13
Q
Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas.
A
Very far apart and arranged in a disorderly manner.
14
Q
What are the forces of attraction between particles in a gas?
A
Very weak.
15
Q
How do particles in a gas move?
A
Move rapidly and freely in any direction.
16
Q
What is the kinetic energy of particles in a gas?
A
High.
17
Q
Does a gas have a definite shape?
A
No.
18
Q
What is the volume of a solid?
A
Definite.
19
Q
Can a solid be compressed?
A
Cannot be compressed.
20
Q
What is the volume of a liquid?
A
Definite.
21
Q
Can a liquid be compressed?
A
Cannot be compressed.
22
Q
What is the volume of a gas?
A
Not definite.
23
Q
Can a gas be compressed?
A
Can be compressed.
24
Q
True or False: Particles in a solid do not move at all.
A
False.
25
Fill in the blank: Particles in a solid do not move from one place to another, but they _______.
vibrate or rotate about their fixed positions.
26
What does the strength of attractive forces between particles in a substance depend on?
The distance between the particles.
27
How does the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance vary?
It depends on temperature.
28
What can cause matter to change its state?
Heating or cooling.
29
At what points do changes in the state of matter occur?
At specific temperatures.
30
What does the heating curve show?
The changes that take place when a solid substance is heated.
31
What happens to the temperature of a gaseous substance as it approaches the condensation point?
The temperature decreases.
32
What occurs to some kinetic energy of the gas during cooling?
It is transferred as heat.
33
What happens to the temperature of the solid substance as it heats up?
It increases until it reaches its melting point.
34
What occurs to the kinetic energy of particles in a solid as it heats?
It increases, causing particles to vibrate more quickly.
35
What happens to the temperature of the liquid substance as it heats up?
It increases until it reaches its boiling point.
36
How does the kinetic energy of particles in a liquid change as it heats?
It increases, causing particles to move more quickly.
37
What happens to the forces of attraction between particles in a solid during melting?
They are overcome by the motion of the particles.
38
What occurs during the process of melting?
The substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
39
What happens to temperature during melting?
It remains constant as melting occurs.
40
What happens to the temperature of the gaseous substance as it heats up?
It increases.
41
How does the kinetic energy of particles in a gas change as it heats?
It increases, causing particles to move more quickly.
42
What happens to the forces of attraction between particles in a liquid during boiling?
They are overcome by the motion of the particles.
43
What occurs during the process of boiling?
The substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
44
What happens to temperature during boiling?
It remains constant as boiling occurs.
45
Fill in the blank: A pure _______ is a substance that has a uniform and definite composition.
[substance]
46
Fill in the blank: The melting temperature of a substance is its _______ point.
[melting]
47
Fill in the blank: The boiling temperature of a substance is its _______ point.
[boiling]
48
What does the cooling curve show?
The changes that take place when a gaseous substance is cooled.
49
What happens to the temperature of a gaseous substance as it is cooled?
It decreases until it reaches its condensation point.
50
What occurs to the temperature of a liquid substance during cooling?
It decreases until it reaches its freezing point.
51
What happens to the kinetic energy of gas particles during cooling?
Some kinetic energy is transferred to the surroundings as heat.
52
What occurs to the particles in the gas as they cool?
The particles move more slowly.
53
What happens to the forces of attraction between gas particles as cooling occurs?
They increase.
54
What is the result of condensation in terms of state change?
The substance changes from a gas to a liquid.
55
What happens to the temperature during condensation?
Temperature remains constant as condensation occurs.
56
What happens to the forces of attraction between liquid particles during cooling?
They increase further.
57
What occurs during freezing?
The substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
58
What happens to the temperature during freezing?
Temperature remains constant as freezing occurs.
59
What happens to the temperature of the solid substance as it cools?
It decreases.
60
What happens to the kinetic energy of particles in a solid during cooling?
Some kinetic energy is transferred to the surroundings as heat.
61
What is the state of particles in a solid?
The particles vibrate about their fixed positions.
62
What is the relationship between condensation and boiling?
Condensation is the reverse of boiling.
63
What is the relationship between freezing and melting?
Freezing is the reverse of melting.
64
What is true about the boiling point and condensation point of a pure substance?
They occur at the same temperature.
65
What is true about the melting point and freezing point of a pure substance?
They occur at the same temperature.
66
What is the melting point of oxygen?
-219 °C
67
What is the boiling point of ethanol?
78 °C
68
What is the physical state of iron at 25 °C?
Solid
69
What is the physical state of oxygen at -196 °C?
Gas
70
What is the physical state of ethanol at 100 °C?
Gas
71
Fill in the blank: A pure substance _____ and condenses at the same temperature.
[boils]
72
Fill in the blank: The melting point of a substance is also its _____ point.
[freezing]
73
True or False: The cooling curve is the mirror image of a heating curve.
True
74
What is evaporation?
Evaporation occurs when some particles at the surface of a liquid substance have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between the particles and escape into the air as a gas.
75
What is the main difference between boiling and evaporation regarding temperature?
Evaporation occurs at temperatures below the boiling point of a substance while boiling occurs at the boiling point of a substance only.
76
Where does evaporation occur?
Evaporation occurs only at the surface of a substance in the liquid state.
77
Where does boiling occur?
Boiling occurs throughout a substance in the liquid state.
78
What happens to the temperature of a substance during evaporation?
The temperature of the substance remains constant until all of the substance has changed to the gaseous state.
79
What happens to the temperature of a substance during boiling?
The temperature of the substance decreases.
80
What are volatile liquids?
Liquids that evaporate easily are said to be volatile.
81
What characteristic do volatile liquids usually have?
Volatile liquids usually have low boiling points.
82
Give an example of a volatile liquid and its boiling point.
Ethanol (boiling point of 78 °C) and propanone (boiling point of 56 °C).
83
What is sublimation?
Sublimation is the process in which a substance in the solid state changes into the gaseous state directly without going through the liquid state.
84
What occurs during sublimation in terms of particle energy?
The change in state from solid to gaseous takes place when the particles at the surface of the solid possess sufficient energy to break away from the solid and escape as a gas.
85
Name two substances that undergo sublimation.
Iodine, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), ammonium chloride, and naphthalene.
86
What is vapor deposition?
Vapor deposition is the reverse of sublimation, where a substance in the gaseous state changes into the solid state directly without going through the liquid state.
87
What is the relationship between the states of matter?
The changes in states of matter are inter-related: solid, liquid, gas with processes like freezing, melting, sublimation, vapor deposition, boiling/evaporation, and condensation.
88
Fill in the blank: The process of a solid changing directly to gas is called _______.
sublimation
89
Fill in the blank: The process of a gas changing directly to solid is called _______.
vapor deposition
90
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
## Footnote
Diffusion occurs in gases and liquids and is influenced by various factors.
91
Give an example of diffusion in liquids.
When blue copper(II) sulfate crystals are placed in a beaker of distilled water, a homogeneous pale blue solution is formed upon standing.
## Footnote
This illustrates how a solute spreads throughout a solvent over time.
92
Give an example of diffusion in gases.
When brown nitrogen dioxide gas is mixed with air, a homogeneous, light brown mixture is observed within a few minutes.
## Footnote
This demonstrates the rapid mixing of gas particles in the air.
93
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
Particles move more quickly at higher temperatures, increasing the rate of diffusion.
## Footnote
For example, a homogeneous pale blue solution forms more quickly in warmer water.
94
How does particle mass affect the rate of diffusion?
Particles with a smaller mass move more quickly, while the rate of diffusion decreases when particle mass increases.
## Footnote
Hydrogen chloride gas diffuses slower than ammonia gas due to greater particle mass.
95
What happens when hydrogen chloride gas reacts with ammonia gas in a glass tube?
The white ring of ammonium chloride formed is found nearer to the end of the tube with hydrogen chloride gas.
## Footnote
This demonstrates the differing rates of diffusion of the two gases.
96
Fill in the blank: The rate of diffusion increases as the speed of particles _______.
increases.
## Footnote
This relationship is fundamental to understanding diffusion.
97
What is the effect of higher temperatures on particle movement?
Particles move more quickly at higher temperatures.
## Footnote
Increased kinetic energy in particles leads to faster diffusion rates.
98
True or False: The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature.
False.
## Footnote
The rate of diffusion increases with temperature due to faster particle movement.
99
What is the relationship between the particle mass of gas X and gas Y?
Gas X has a particle mass that is 3.2 times that of gas Y.
## Footnote
This indicates that gas Y is lighter and should diffuse more quickly.
100
Which gas reaches the neighbouring tower in the shortest time under the given conditions?
Gas Y on a hot day.
## Footnote
The combination of lower particle mass and higher temperature allows gas Y to diffuse more quickly.
101
What effect does particle mass have on the rate of diffusion?
The rate of diffusion decreases when particle mass increases.
## Footnote
Lighter particles diffuse faster than heavier ones.
102
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
The rate of diffusion increases when temperature increases.
## Footnote
Particles move more quickly at higher temperatures, leading to faster diffusion.
103
Using the kinetic particle theory, explain why the smell of a durian spreads when it is opened.
Particles of gaseous substances move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
## Footnote
This process is known as diffusion, which allows the smell to reach other parts of the house.
104
Fill in the blank: The particles of gas diffuse more quickly on a _______ day compared to a cold day.
hot
## Footnote
Higher temperatures provide more energy to the particles, facilitating faster movement.
105
True or False: Heavier particles diffuse faster than lighter particles.
False.
## Footnote
Lighter particles diffuse faster than heavier ones due to their lower mass.
