kinesis & taxis Flashcards
what is kinesis
undirected orientation movements
what is an example of kinesis
paramecium; they move more rapidly and randomly when not near food and slow down when near food
what is taxis
directed orientation movements directed with respect to a stimulus
what is phototaxis
sensitivity to light
ex: fungus
what is phonotaxis
sensitivity to sound
ex: cricket
what is chemotaxis
sensitive to food/chemicals
ex: amoeba
what is menotaxis
maintaining a constant angle to a stimulus
ex: silk moth
how do silk moths use menotaxis
- initially searching for odor: flies at 90 degrees to wind (menotaxis)
- finds some odor molecules: flies upwind (positive anemotaxis)
- loses the odor: flies in a random zigzag (kinesis)
- high odor concentration: flies up chemical gradient (positive chemotaxis)
what is klinotaxis
a side to side motion of the head occurring as an organism moves forward/backward in response to a source of stimulation, caused by the alternating reaction of sensory receptors on either side of the body
what is the taxis of a fly maggot
negative phototaxis (away from sun) and klinotaxis
what is tropotaxis
taking simultaneous samples from paired receptors
ex: ants using antennae
how do bees use olfactory tropotaxis
Y-maze
-control bee 1: normal antenna
correct orientation
-control bee 2: antenna glued, but not crossed
correct orientation
-experimental bee: antenna glued and crossed
incorrect orientation
what is the minimum concentration difference that bees can detect
martin: bees turn towards the stronger odor (1.5x difference)
what is teleotaxis
goal directed orientation by fixation on a distant stimulus
ex: archerfish, praying mantis, chameleon
what is mnemotaxis
landmark orientation, chemical landmarks
ex: salmon
what is the difference between kinesis and taxis
a kinesis is composed of undirected movements and a taxis consists of directed movements
what is magnetotaxis
orientation with respect to magnetic cues
ex: magnetic bacteria
how does earth’s magnetic field affect bacteria
magnetic field has an incline, bacteria when exposed to O2 die so they move deeper into the water using magnetic north pole to avoid O2
what is the difference between north and south-orienting bacteria
live bacteria normally swim in a specific direction relative to the field
magnetic bacteria can use both magnetotaxis and chemotaxis to assist them in avoiding high concentrations of oxygen
