kinematics Flashcards
key positions in anatomical neutral
- head, eyes, palms face forward
- feet flat on floor & forward
2 subdivisions of skeletal system:
- axial skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
difference b/n kinetics & kinematics
kinematics doesn’t account for forces that produce movement
- type, direction, and quantity of motion: 3D
3 cardinal planes of movement:
- frontal/ coronal
- sagittal
- transverse
where does the axis corresponding to each plane lie?
where does movement on this plane occur?
- axis of rotation lies at right angle to each plane
- movement occurs about this perpendicular axis
what is axial movement also called?
circular movement - body moves about axis in circular fashion
what axis of movement goes into the sagittal plane?
movement example?
medial-lateral plane
flex/extension
ex: summersault
what axis of movement goes into the transverse plane?
movement example?
longitudinal
superior/ inferior
ex: pirouette
what axis of movement goes into the frontal plane?
movement example?
anterior - posterior
ab/duction
ex: cartwheel
what is movement about midline called?
left and right right flexion
what is an oblique plane?
plane that has 2/3 cardinal planes
*affects available ranges of motion
joint:
connection point b/n 2 bones
- named for bones that form articulation
- controls motion b/n 2 surfaces
3 basic classifications of joints:
- rigid, ex: skull sutures
- semi-rigid, ex: forearm
- highly mobile, ex: shoulder
joint flexion:
bony segment moves towards the other, decrease joint angle
joint extension:
bony segment moves aware from other, increase joint angle
hyperextension:
exceeds typical ROM
abduction:
motion of of a segment away from midline
adduction:
motion towards midline
lateral flexion:
trunk and neck movement?
rotation:
includes (4)
movement of a bony segment around a vertical axis
includes:
- supination and pronation of forearm
- inversion and eversion
2 subdivisions of kinematics:
- osteokinematics
- arthrokinematics
what do osteokinematics vs arthrokinematics focus on?
osteo:
- looks at gross movement of 2 adjacent bony segments as they move relative to one another
- can easily see motion
arthro:
- looks at specific movement occurring within joint and between it’s surfaces
*required for full osteokinematic movement
- difficult to see
osteokinematics:
movement of bony levers in a cardinal plane through their ROM around corresponding axis
2 types of osteokinematic motion:
- linear = motion parallel to axis
- angular = motion around an axis
linear/ translational motion:
all points on a body in motion move the SAME distance in the SAME direction at the SAME time
ex: carpal glide, elevator
angular motion:
every point on a body segment moves about axis of rotation making a circle arc
- different regions of body segment move different distances in same time frame
ex: crack the whip
what axes in the body might angular motion move about?
- a joint
- COM: belly button region TYPICALLY
- fixed external axis - ex: gymnastics bars
what 2 things combine for body movement?
linear + rotary movement
degrees of freedom:
how many do we have?
of planes about which a joint can move
max 3 (ex: hip, spine)
3 categories of joints based on DOF:
- uniaxial
- biaxial
- triaxial
uniaxial joint types:
- hinge ex: humeral ulnar joint
- pivot ex: radial ulnar
biaxial joint types:
- condyloid
- ellipsoid
- saddle
triaxial joint type”
ball-and-socket ex: shoulder
is circumduction a DOF? why?
NO
it’s a sumamtion of 2/+ joints and their DOF’s
goniometry:
measure how?
measures angle joint in its ROM - quantifies joint motion
measured b/n 0-180 degrees BILATERALLY
ex: shoulders or hips - “normal” ranges?
end feel:
sensation noted at end range of passive ROM
3 normal types of end feel:
- hard/ bony ex: elbow extension
- soft tissue approximation (limb runs into body) ex: elbow/ knee flexion
- firm/ capsular (capsule limits from going too far) ex: shoulder, ankles
pathologic end feel:
“feels empty” due to:
- client willingness
- dislocation
- limited by pain
kinematic chain:
combo of joints uniting in successive segments, describe a movement skill
ex: open or closed
open kinematic chain (OKC):
distal segment of chain moves, motion not dependent on other segment
- stability compromised for mobility
- speeeed
ex: soccer kick/ gymnastic rings
closed kinematic chain (CKC):
distal segment fixed, proximal segments move - motion of one segment requires all segments to move
- mobility is compromised for stability and power
- power + strength
ex: squat, pull up, cycling (clipped in)
arthrokinematics:
joint surfaces on eachother, not grossly visible BUT required for full ROM
- involuntary motion
what determines arthrokinematic movement b/n bones?
shape of articulating joint surfaces
arthrology:
how joints moves based on their structure and shape
functional classification:
categories based on ROM permitted
3 functional categories:
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
structural classification:
based on type tissue connecting the bones
3 structural categories:
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
synarthrosis:
syn = together (synchronized)
ex: synovial membrane, skull sutures, teeth
aphiarthrosis:
amphi = can be solid or mobile (amphibians)
some motion, a bit of cartilage
diathrosis:
dia = freely mobile (diarrhoea)
synarthodial (fibrous) joints:
- offer stability, little/ no movement
- tight b/n bony segments, no synovial cavity
ex: skull sutures
syndesmosis synarthodial joint:
- bones connected by ligaments, SLIGHT movement + interosseous membrane
ex: b/n radius and ulna
amphiarthodial (cartilaginous) joints:
- provide mobility + stability
- little/ no movement
- cartilaginous structure b/n bones, no synovial cavity
ex: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis (expantion needed for childbearing)
sychondroses amphiarthrodial joints:
epiphyseal plate –> hyaline cartilage connects tissue then is converted into long bone
ex: close around 25, before 25 = more risk taking behaviour
diarthrodial (synovial) joints:
- provide mobility
- most common in body
- either ovoid (most) or sellar –> creates concave-convex relationship
what is the hallmark of diarthrodial joints?
joint capsule
what are the 2 layers of a joint capsule?
- stratum fibrosum
- thicker
- articular capsule attaches to bone on either side of joint - stratum synovium
- produces synovial fluid = no friction
EXCEPT knee = synovial layer bulges
common elements of synovial joints (7):
- cartilage (for shock and friction, breaks down when arthritis)
- articular discs
- joint capsule
- synovial fluid
- bursae
- accessory/ reinforcing ligaments
- blood and nerve supply
bursae:
where?
function?
- sacs containing fluid
- reduce friction under tendons, b/n tendons, ligaments, and bones
- can get inflamed, less gushy w age
6 categories of synovial joints:
- planar/ gliding joint
- hing joint
- pivot joint
- condyloid aka ellipsodal joint
- saddle joint
- ball and socket joint
planar joints:
slide and glide movements!
ex: intercarpal, intertarsal
hinge joints:
open/ close motion like a door hinge
monoaxial
ex: elbow, knee*****
pivot joints:
bone surface articulates w ring partly formed by another bone
monoaxial
ex: palms turn anterior+posterior, or pivot b/n C1 and C2
condyloid joints:
projection of one bone fits into oval depression of another
biaxial
ex: radiocarpal, talocrural (ankle)
saddle joints:
articular surface of one bone fits onto saddle shaped surface of the other
biaxial
ex: b/n trapezium of wrist and metacarpal of thumb
“2 pringles”
ball and socket joints:
ball-like surface of one fits into cup-like surface of other
triaxial
ex: shoulder, hip
rolling - type of motion:
angular
(points of one bony surface contact a series of points on other bony surface)
gliding - type of motion
linear
one bony point contacts series of point on another
spinning - type of motion
one surface rotates around a stationary longitudinal axis
ex: knee joint
????
what do basic arthrokinematic joint motions accompany?
why are they needed?
are they voluntary?
- osteokinematic motion (ex: gliding accompanies flexion)
- required for full FOM
- involuntary
concave moving on convex principle:
roll and glide are in SAME direction
convex moving on concave principle:
roll and glide are in OPPOSITE directions
why do we see mobility loss post surgery?
- adhesions = wound scars
- scaring and collagen production
- immobilization = lack of range
closed packed position:
everything is as tight as possible
- max SA contact
- capsuloligamentous tissue taut
- minimal accessory motion
ex: knee - full extension
open packed position:
- any position but “closed packed”
- joint surfaces don’t fit congruently
ex: knee - 30 degrees of knee flexion
clinical applications of open packed position?
- joint mobilization to treat hypomobile joints
- ligamentous rupture - joint may become hypermobile
