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KINE 2P20 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major minerals in the body?

A

Sodium, chlorine, sulfur, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.

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2
Q

Why are calcium, Mg, Fe and Cu related to one another?

A

They all have a +2 charge and are therefore absorbed similiarly.

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3
Q

Can you get all necessary minerals from foods you eat in a diet?

A

Not always, the food you consumed does not equal the amount of nutrients that get absorbed because how the food is produced and things like phytates and fibre affect mineral absorption.

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4
Q

What are the 3 different roles of minerals?

A
  • Structural role (ex. bone)
  • Regulatory role (cofactors)
  • Hormonal role (iodine affects the thyroid hormone).
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5
Q

Why is it important to maintain dietary calcium at around its set point in the blood?

A

Because if calcium is too low, calcium is removed from bone to enter blood. Leads to weaker bones.

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6
Q

How is calcium and age related?

A

Calcium in take increases as age increases.

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7
Q

Why do children and elderly need more calcium than young adults?

A

Children- peak growth years to ensure there is enough nutrient for bone growth.
Elderly- prevent bone loss and osteoporosis.

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8
Q

Name two consequences of too much calcium. (rare- usually from supplementation)

A
  • kidney stones

- calcification of tissue and arteries.

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9
Q

Why is it important to further explore the possible link between myocardial infraction and calcium supplementation.

A

Canadians may rely more on supplementation as the Food Guide puts less emphasis on dairy and meat products, both whcih contain high levels of calcium.

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10
Q

How does vitamin D and spinach effect calcium?

A

When there is a vitamin D deficiency, 25% less calcium is absorbed. Vitamin D also helps produce more calcium transport proteins.
Spinach has oxalate that affects Ca absorption.

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11
Q

What hormones work opposite to one another `to maintain calcium homeostais.

A

Parathyroid and calcitonin

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12
Q

What are some side effects to osteoporosis?

A

back pain, loss of height, fractures, kyphosis.

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13
Q

What area does osteoporosis affect more?

A

Trabecular bone (already spongy) this includes areas like the wrist, femoral neck and vertebral bodies.

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14
Q

What can DXA show to indicate osteroporosis.

A

Bones appear less white because they are less dense.

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15
Q

Why is exercise important for prevention of osteoporosis?

A

Weight bearing and resistance training is good to achieveing peak bone mass in adolescence to perserve bone when older.

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16
Q

In what area is more research needed in term of osteoporosis?

A

Diet- we know that we need calcium but hard to know effect with supplements and restrictive diets and eating patterns.

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17
Q

What is a possible benefit to multivitamin?

A

Has been associated with lower hip fractures.

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18
Q

Name the uses of phosphorus within the body.

A
  • in bones and teeth
  • produces hydroxyapatite, a major mineral in the body.
  • component of phospholipds.
  • PCr system.
  • regulate enzyme activity: phosphorylation.
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19
Q

What are some consequences of phosphorous deficinecy?

A
  • bone loss/pain
  • weakness
  • loss of appetite
  • rickets
  • osteomalacia
  • hypophosphatemia
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20
Q

Where is most magnesium found?

A

In bone

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21
Q

Why can certain low income groups be more likley to be Mg deficient?

A

almost none in processed foods.

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22
Q

Why is it important to treat musculoskeletal disorders?

A

Improve quality of life- less likely to develop permenant disabilities.

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23
Q

Is aging a linear phenomoenon?

A

No, our bone and muscle mass do not decrease in a steady way as we go through period of injurry/diease that affect it.

24
Q

Is exercise always protective?

A

No- things like female athlete triad and stresss fractures can occur due to over training.

25
Q

How do younger and older popoulations differ in terms of protein?

A

Older populations need a lot more leucine to achieve the same MPS as younger people with less leucine.

26
Q

Why do we need more micronutrients after exercise?

A
  • stress to metabolic pathways: need to rebuild what was lost.
  • more free radical production. Need antioxidative nutrients.
  • less capacity to absorb nutrients.
  • loss in sweat and urine.
  • maintain and repaire lean tissue and muscle.
27
Q

What are benefits of B-complex vitamins?

A
  • aid in metabolism of macronutrients.
  • transport oxygen and formation of hemoglobin.
  • support gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
28
Q

What factors increase iron absorption?

A
  • vitamin C and A
  • heme iron sources
  • iron depleted state
29
Q

What factors decrease iron absorption?

A
  • phytates
  • bran
  • legumes
  • spinach
  • soy
  • fibre
  • calcium
30
Q

How is zinc related to exercise?

A
  • antioxidant
  • wound healing
  • energy metabolism
  • immune system booster
  • vegetarian atheletes are commonly deficient.
31
Q

What can influence obesity?

A
  • genetics (75%)
  • environment (25%)
    physical inactivity and overeating
32
Q

Why does the body not respond very well to weight loss?

A

Due to homeostatic mechaisms and wanting to return to a set point.

33
Q

Why is it corcerning that obesity is increasing with age?

A

Aging body comes with many challenges (ex. less dense bones) and consequences of obesity ex. (impaired cardiovascular system) can impair one’s quality of life further.

34
Q

Does adipose tissue only store fats for energy?

A 
No it also stores:
- adipokines
- enzymes
- growth factors
- inflammatory mediators
- clotting factors
Can be considered an endocrine organ.
35
Q

What can the amount of energy we take in be influenced by?

A

appetite, food consumed (form and preparation), calories extracted from food (influenced by GI tract), sleep, stress, mood etc.

36
Q

What are a few thing common among the three energy macronutrients?

A

They can all be stored as adipose tissue. They all can form acetyl-CoA in some way.

37
Q

Why do we not gain all the energy that a food contains?

A

Takes energy to digest foods!!

38
Q

What foods increase metabolism?

A

None- some may have none or a very small effect that is often exaggerated.

39
Q

Why is the RMR higher than BMR?

A

Higher because the measure is less accurate and therfore there is a percentage of error. Easier to obtain though.

40
Q

Why is skeletal muscle linked to BMR?

A

Takes constant energy to maintain muscle.

41
Q

What does lots of excess body mass increase your risk to?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • heart diease
42
Q

What is the key limitation to BMI?

A

It does not consider body composition.

43
Q

What are some cons of the skin fold measurement?

A
  • inter-researcher variability
  • less accurate in overweight/obese and elderly.
  • only divides the body into fat and non-fat.
44
Q

How does bioelectric impedance work?

A
  • current that passes through body tissue, a resistance to current.
    Good conductor = muscle
    Bad conductor = adipose
45
Q

What are some pros of BodyMetrix (BMX)?

A
  • easy to use, portable
  • more than 2 compartments.
  • can be used at multiple sites.
  • not affected by exercise or hydration.
46
Q

How does DXA work?

A

Low energy x-rays that differentiate between compartments based on tissue density.

47
Q

Why can it be problematic if CT and MRI scans have improved resolution?

A

This can create more false positives and things can be interpretated as pathological. Victimsof Medical Imaging Technology.

48
Q

Why is leptin essential for overall body homeostasis?

A

Helps maintain a certain set-point and obesity. Controls energy balance by interacting with the hypothalamus.

49
Q

What factors contribute to obesity overtime?

A
  • losing muscle mass
  • decreased RMR
  • slow increase in body weight.
50
Q

Why does cutting one’s calories not result in a linear decrease in weight loss?

A

Energy intake and expenditure are responsive to deviations from ‘set point’.

51
Q

What three things positively effect weight loss?

A
  • adherence to a plan
  • negative energy balance
  • high quality foods- nutient dense.
52
Q

What risks are associated with maintenance of low weight status?

A
  • nutrient deficiencies
  • mood/stress disturbance
  • disruption of a healthy relationship to food.
53
Q

Why might obesity lead to a “snowball effect”?

A

Can make people be predisposed to negative health outcomes like Type II diabetes. This is because certain genes start to be expressed once BMI becomes elevated.

54
Q

What is the effect of insulin resistance on muscle?

A

Reduced glucose as fuel, greater reliance of FFA and ketones.

55
Q

What leads to beta-cell failure?

A

Cells that make insulin in the pancreas:

- abudance of lipids and by-products.

56
Q

What is the pathogenic Lipid Triad?

A
  • high circulating triglycerides.
  • low HDL
  • high small, dense LDL particles.

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