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2P97 Deck After MII Flashcards

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1
Q

What is common about the muscle fibers that a single motor neuron innervates?

A

They are all the same fiber type (ex. Type I or Type II X)

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2
Q

Why do finger muscle have less muscle fibers in one motor unit.

A

Allows for more precise control of movements needed for fine motor skills.

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3
Q

Which fiber type of recruited first?

A

Type I fibers

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4
Q

The more fibers activated in a motor unit…

A

the more force that is produced.

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5
Q

Why are larger fiber types recruited with increased exercise intensity?

A

They are activated second as the body relies more on glycolytic and anaerobic pathways. Don’t want to waste energy if exercise does not demande them.

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6
Q

What does tonic refer to? Give an example.

A

Tonic refers to muscle fibers that are turned on for a long period of time. Ex. latismmus dorsi that helps us maintain our posture!

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7
Q

Why do Type I fibers reach fused tetanus quicker than Type 2 fiber?

A

They relax slower, so it is easier to beat relaxation at a lower frequency of stimulation.

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8
Q

Does muscle reach fused tetanus frequently?

A

NO occurs rarely. Relative forces are actually quite similiar.

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9
Q

Does does the binding of ACh neurotransmitters cause?

A

Causes sodium channels to open and sodium to enter the cell. (cell becomes positive)

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10
Q

Why is action potential propogation efficient?

A

The neuromuscular junction is in the middle of the skeletal muscle therefore the AP can spread in both directions outwards.

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11
Q

Even though both cardiac and skeletal muscle are straited… How does the structure of cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

A

Cardiac cells only have a single nucleus and have intercalated sics that allow for electrical communication between the network.

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12
Q

How do C and SM sacroplamic reticulum differ?

A

CM = less complex, signals consist of a diad instead of a triad.

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13
Q

How does the arrangement differ of RyR receptors in cardiac muscle?

A

The RyR are arranged in an individual fashion instead of in a tetrad like skeletal muscle.

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14
Q

What fibre type is related to cardiac muscle and in what way?

A

Type I fibre is related to heart as both these muscles and the heart cannot fatigue easily. Both have the same isoforms of SERCA2a and MHC 1.

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15
Q

Describe Frank-Starling Law

A

The more we stretch muscle fibres prior to contraction (and increase preload) the more blood we can eject and therefore circulate.

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16
Q

What contributes to increased stroke volume?

A

Skeletal muscle pump and venous return.

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17
Q

Why is one’s stroke volume a lot higher in a supine position?

A

The body does not need to counteract gravity therefore more blood is able to be ejected from the heart.

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18
Q

Explain the phrase calcium induced- calcium released.

A

Unlike SM calcium is not just released from the SR and can come from outside the cell. Calcium causes more calcium to be released from the SR through RyR receptors.

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19
Q

Why does cardiac muscle action potential have a plateau?

A

The positive charge stays longer because when K= channels are used to repolarize the cell, Ca2+ is still entering the cell until it is eventually swept up by SERCA.

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20
Q

Is the SA node the only pace maker in the heart?

A

No! It is the default one but not the only one! AV node-B of H and PF can take over. This just means that one’s heart rate will be slower.

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21
Q

What does an ergogenic aid do?

A

Provide a mental or physical advantage.

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22
Q

What is the ergogenic aid checklist?

A
  1. Does the supplement get into the bloodstream?
  2. Does it get delivered to the target tissue (muscle)?
  3. Does it improve athletic performance?
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23
Q

When is creatine needed?

A

Onset of exercise or high intensity bouts.

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24
Q

Do you always need creatine supplements?

A

No, it can be synthesized in the liver through amino acids arginine, glysine and methionine.

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25
Q

What is needed for creatine to enter its target tissue?

A

Transporters to bring it aganist its concentration gradient. A lot is already stored in the muscle.

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26
Q

What occurs during muscle recovery? Why?

A

Need less ATP:
ATP + Cr -> H+ + PCr
This allows for quicker resynthesis and recovery.

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27
Q

Why do athletes take creatine supplements.

A

Metabolism does not improve through training!!!

Less ATP lost and better ATP resynthesis.

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28
Q

Do low creatine load and high creatine load differ?

A

In the long term, no. Therefore, if you can wait a few weeks to see minimizing results this might be better due to less bloating.

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29
Q

What can help ceratine retention and more PCr in the muscle?

A

Carbohydrates.

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30
Q

How does carnosine get into muscle?

A

Histidine and B-alanine (supplement) get delivered to the cell where they combine with carnosine synthase in the muscle to form carnosine.

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31
Q

What does carnosine do?

A

pH buffers the blood to be less acidic and less lactate accumulation. Therefore, there is less fatigue.

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32
Q

Name benefits of B-alanine supplementation.

A
  • Increases muscle carnosine concentration.
  • increases total work done.
  • Long lasting effects- long time for muscle carnosine to leave body.
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33
Q

Does carnosine have the same effects through out the entire body?

A

No, they are targeted to trained muscle groups! This may not be applicable to novice athletes.

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34
Q

What is the limitation to saying that caffeine is a glycogen sparer and increases endurance.

A

Only seen in extremely high doses of caffeine intake.

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35
Q

Why is beetroot juice benefical?

A

NO3 in it gets converted into NO by the body.

36
Q

List the benefical biological effects NO can have.

A
  1. Exercise Efficiency
  2. Mitochondrial Respiration
  3. Ca2+ Handling
  4. Vasodilation
  5. Glucose Uptake
  6. Muscle Fatigue
37
Q

What are some consequences for using mouth wash when supplementating with beetroot juice?

A

When nitrate is brought back to the salivary glands, it cannot be broken down by the bacteria to eventually form NO.

38
Q

What is beetroot juice’s effect on exercise?

A

This reduces oxygen cost to be able to use less oxygen to perform the same task for submaximal exercise.

39
Q

Why do you need less oxygen to get to a steady state in submaximal exercise when supplementing with beetroot juice.

A

improved skeletal muscle contarctile efficiency - SERCA + Myosin ATPase = more force per ATP breakdown.

40
Q

What is the limitation to beetroot juice and submaximal exercise economy?

A

Effects are only seen in men!

41
Q

What are the 2 different types of B2-Agonists?

A

Salbutamol (slow acting)

Clenbuterol (long acting)

42
Q

Benefit of Salbutamol

A

Increase MPS and hypertrophy after one dose.

43
Q

Benefit of Clenbuterol

A

Increased muscle mass and hypertrophy and proportion of fast twitch muscle fibres.

44
Q

Why does carbohydrate mouth rinsing (like Gatorade) work?

A

Stimulates brain receptors to regions associated with reward, motivatoin and motor control = work harder, feel less tired.

45
Q

Does very high load training increase MPS?

A

Even though it is still resistance training, MPS only increases until 60% of 1 repetion max. After there is a decline.

46
Q

Do you always have to lift heavy weights?

A

No, the same MPS benefits are seen as long as you go to failure.

47
Q

What is the key difference between HIIT training and SIT training.

A

HIIT- longer bouts at just below VO2max.

SIT - shorter bouts at or above VO2max.

48
Q

Why is HIT benefical?

A
  • Increased reliance on fat for fuel during exercise.
  • less glycogenolysis and lactate accumulation
  • Time to exhaustion at 90% VO2max greatly improves.
49
Q

Is SIT better than HIT

A

You get the same results- ex) glycogen sparing using fat but in a lot less time of all-out exercise.

50
Q

What does Blood Flow Restriction Training involve?

A

Blood flow restriction = lack of oxygen delivery (restricted BF to muscle) and trap metabolites and waste products in the muscle. Work at a lower intensity

51
Q

Does BFR training work?

A

Yes, there are improvements in VO2max and muscle strength and size.

52
Q

What is concurrent training?

A

Performing both endurance and resistance exercise trainning within the same sessoin or in closley spaced sessions.

53
Q

Is the CT effect good?

A

No, it means that because you are performing endurance and RT together, you do not achieve the same adaptations if you do the trainings alone. The combination inteferes with the adaptations of the other.

54
Q

Why do the CT interfere with one another?

A

S- hypertrophy and fast-twitch fibres

E- oxidative and slow-twitch fibres.

55
Q

What can minimize the CT effect?

A

HIIT can minimize the TE while allowing for aerobic training.

56
Q

Name 4 signs of overtraining.

A

1) Overuse injuries
2) Fatigue
3) Decline in performance
4) Weakened immune system

57
Q

How is metabolism affected by over training?

A
  • less glucose gets into muscle because there is less insulin being released. Lasts into recovery!!
  • Impairs mitochondria function.
58
Q

What can cause muscle atrophy?

A 
aging
immobilization
bed rest
malnutrition
space flight
59
Q

Why do astronauts experience muscle atrophy?

A

Due to little gravity, their muscles have no stimulus to maintain muscle mass.

60
Q

Is muscle size the only thing loss in space flight?

A

No, functional impairments occur where there is less of an ability to generate force.
There are also smaller and fewer fibers.

61
Q

How can prevent astronauts from experincing muscle atrophy?

A

Ensure they are able to exercise while in space and possibly build up larger muscle fibers so there is less atrophy.

62
Q

Why does bed rest result in muscle atrophy?

A

Due to the fact that if you do not use muscle, you lose it.

63
Q

What is the consequences of bed rest to muscle?

A
  • decline in lean muscle mass
  • decline in CSA
  • glucose is not cleared easily from blood.
  • increased insulin insensitivity.
64
Q

How does bed rest affect fat storage?

A

More fat is stored in muscle and in bigger droplets. This causes inference with insulin signalling cascade. and mitochondria function.

65
Q

How is bed rest prevented?

A

Only exercise, no protein supplementation.

66
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Loss of muscle mass and function associatated with aging?

67
Q

When is loss of muscle mass accelerated? (age)

A

At the age of 60

68
Q

What are some age -related differences to muscle mass?

A

Older people have less MPS and more daily protein is needed to combat this

69
Q

This there a difference between older age and younger age protein absorption from the small intestine?

A

No

70
Q

What are key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder when the body destroys insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.

Type 2 is a metabolic disorder where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin/ receptors are not sensitive to the insulin produced.

71
Q

What gender is more likely to be diabetic?

A

Males

72
Q

Why are individuals with Type 2 diabetes typically have a premature death?

A

Diabetes is associated with other health complications that can cause all-cause mortality.
Ex) diabetic people- 3x more likely to be hospitalized for a cardiovascular diease.

73
Q

Describe a A1C test and what it is used for.

A

Used to diagnose diabetes. Measures the amount of glucose molecules attached to hemoglobin. Indicative of high blood glucose levels.
Diabetic = 6.5% or higher average blood sugar level on 2 different tests.

74
Q

Does diabetes occur automatically? Why can someone be pre-diabetic?

A

B-cells of the pancreas will work harder and compensate by producing more insulin to stimulate the same insulin response pathways in cells. However, eventually skeletal muscle also becomes desentisized to this insulin.

75
Q

Why is it bad if a cell cannot respond to insulin or there is not enough insulin to stimulate anything?

A

Means more glucose is in the blood!!

76
Q

When the ability for the insulin receptor to autophosphorylate itself is impaired, what are the consequences?

A
  • no increase in PI3K activity.

- less GLUT 4 transporters at the plasma membrane.

77
Q

Why should a diabetic exercise within 30 minutes of finishing a meal?

A
  • as muscle contraction insulin uptake is not impaired, exercising will being glucose into cells after a fed state (where there is lots of glucose in the blodo)!!
78
Q

How are mitochondria impacted by diabetes?

A

Mitocondria become smaller in size and there is fewer of them. Smaller mitochondria mean they have impaired insulin sesitivity.

79
Q

Is Type II diabetes reversible?

A

Yes!
- undergoing a bariatic surgery.
- very low calorie diet.
Impaired plasma glucose levels are similar to normal.

80
Q

What does short-acting insulin therapy do? Why is long-acting insulin therapy commonly used?

A

Mimics true insulin release

LA- don’t have to remember to take it before every meal.

Good for hyperglycemia patients.

81
Q

How does Metformin work?

A

Lowers circulating blood glucose by increasing insulin sensitivity in tissues (skeletal muscle).

82
Q

What is the benefit of Metformin?

A

-improves fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin.

83
Q

Why must diabetics used SGLT2 inhibtors?

A

This prevents SGLT2 from doing its job. This normally reabsorbs some glucose and prevent it from being excreted in the urine. Inhibitor lowers blood glucose so a lot is excreted through the urine.

84
Q

What is the benefit of exercise for Type II Diabetes?

A

Better mitochondrial function and more GLUT4 transporters at the plasma membrane.

85
Q

What is the best intervention? Why?

A

Exercise (lifestyle)
Both metformin and exercise equally reduce fasting plasma glucose levels. But E was better following a meal and returning levels to a healthy level. More exercise is a bit better at decreasing HbA1c content.

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