Kinds Of Memory

Question 1

What does learning result in?

Answer 1

Formation of memories

Question 2

Non-associative & Pavlovian learning, memory formed leads to change in responsiveness - explain this neurally

Answer 2

Memory takes the form of changes in strength of synaptic connections between neurons in sensorimotor pathways that mediate stimulus-elicited behaviour

Question 3

What does sensorimotor mean?

Answer 3

(Organisms are sensorimotor systems) : things come into contact with our sensory surfaces and then our motor actions respond

Question 4

Pavlovian & non-associative memory is what kind of memory?

Answer 4

Non-declarative memory

Question 5

What does Declarative memory include?

Answer 5

form of memory involving (conscious) recall of experiences and facts; recalled items can be communicated to another person (declared)

Question 6

Another word for declarative memory

Answer 6

Explicit memory

Question 7

How is declarative memory held? Can it be retrieved?

Answer 7

In a store (memory) and can be retrieved (recalled/remembered) and described in words

Question 8

Example of declarative memory - how would it work?

Answer 8

You know that something is the case, demonstrate by declaring it. Thus, e.g., the capital of England is London

Question 9

Define Non-Declarative memory

Answer 9

memory that can’t be remembered; information can’t be recalled into consciousness or expressed in words/declared to others.

Question 10

Example of non-declarative memory - how would it work?

Answer 10

You know how to do something, demonstrated only by doing it as you can’ t really declare it; e.g., Simple conditioning (Little Albert e.g.,)

Question 11

Another word for non-declarative memory

Answer 11

Implicit memory

Question 12

Declarative memory retrieval involves conscious or unconscious remembering?

Answer 12

Conscious remembering

Question 13

Can Non-declarative memory be retrieved?

Answer 13

No - nothing is retrieved from anywhere

Question 14

How is Non-declarative memory shown? (2)

Answer 14

1) Non-declarative memory is demonstrated in characteristics of stimulus-elicited response after training, 2) Through use of the circuitry involved

Question 15

Name the 2 types of memories

Answer 15

Declarative & Non-declarative

Question 16

What type of learning is associated with Non-Declarative memory? (5)

Answer 16

1) Non-associative learning 2) Pavlovian associative learning
3) Motor skill learning
4) Other skill learning
5) Habit formation

Question 17

Eye-blink conditioning test: Procedure

Answer 17

Participants watching a film with headphones, every once in a while a tone sounds and then a puff of air
is blown into your eye (in a delay procedure)

Question 18

Eye-blink conditioning test: Results (Non-declarative memory?) (2)

Answer 18

1) All formed CRs, although CR acquisition is slow
2) Some people’s behaviours were changed without realising

Question 19

Eye-blink conditioning test: Results (Declarative memory?)

Answer 19

Many learned relationship between tone sound before every puff
But not all

Question 20

Eye-blink conditioning test: Results (CR and Declarative memory)

Answer 20

As all acquired CRs, but not all described relationship between tone & puff (declarative memory), clear that Declarative memory is not involved in CRs

Question 21

Eye-blink conditioning test: What is the non-declarative memory

Answer 21

The non-declarative memory is the change in circuitry (CS–> CR Circuit)

Question 22

Eye-blink conditioning test: What is the: CS, US, CR

Answer 22

1) CS: tone paired with
2) US: a puff of air to the eye 3) CR: to elicit an eyeblink

Question 23

Eye-blink conditioning test: D VS ND memory of the CS-US relationship in simultaneous/backwards learning

Answer 23

Declarative memory of relationship: CS (tone paired with) US (a puff of air to the eye) acquired sometimes when people experience simultaneous & backwards conditioning procedures
but only after you ask for the relationship - so no CR acquired (No ND memory/not pavlovian learning), thus no ND memory.
E.g., skilled typist know exactly where keys are (ND memory) but can’t tell you better than a novice

Question 24

Does formation of D memory = formation of ND memory?

Answer 24

No, 2 different memories formed by same training experience but are independent of each other
You don’t need to be able to tell someone how to do something in order to do it, & being able to tell someone how to do something doesn’t mean you can
AMNESIA PATIENTS

Question 25

Amnesia types

Answer 25

Retrograde amnesia & Anterograde amnesia

Question 26

Define: Retrograde Amnesia (RA)

Answer 26

Loss of memory about life events experienced and factual information acquired prior to damage

Question 27

Define: Anterograde Amnesia (AA)

Answer 27

Inability to remember (for more than 1-2 mins) life events/factual information one is exposed to after damage

Question 28

Describe effects of Anterograde Amnesia (4)

Answer 28

1) Loss of ability to form new long-term declarative memories
2) Can hold things in mind for a short time (short-term working memory) but can’t transfer into long-time ‘store’
3) Memory impairments - confined to declarative memories/tasks that require declarative memory
4) Can form long term non-declarative memory

Question 29

Does amnesia refer to the loss of D or ND memory?

Answer 29

D - Declarative memory

Question 30

Who first demonstrated Anterograde Amnesia?

Answer 30

HM & his mirror tracing task

Question 31

Describe: effects of Retrograde Amnesia (1)

Answer 31

1) Loss of existing long-term declarative memories

Question 32

HM AA: Describe surgery

Answer 32

Suffered from severe epilepsy, surgery at 20 years old.
Surgery removed medial parts of temporal lobe (including hippocampus) on both sides of brain

Question 33

HM: Describe life post-surgery

Answer 33

No epilepsy, but AA
Forgot events of daily life as fast as occurred
For many years couldn’t remember where he lives, family, when he ate, etc (New D memories wouldn’t form)
Could still learn ND memories (developed skills in a variety of motor tasks and retain info for many months/years)

Question 34

HM AA: Mirror Tracing Task
Describe: Procedure

Answer 34

Moved a pen around a star shape, keeping pen within gap between inner & outer stars ( only when his hand, pen & star were seen in reflection of a mirror)
Did it with dominant hand
10 tries for 3 days

Question 35

HM AA: Mirror Tracing Task
Describe: Results

Answer 35

Day 1: 29 errors
Day 3: 4 or less errors
HM couldn’t remember doing the task (No D memory), but clearly improved and gained ND memory

Question 36

What is the Medial temporal lobe (of the cerebral cortex) used for?

Answer 36

Used in process of forming long-term declarative memories (not ND)