kin428 Flashcards
Tendon role/function
Transmit force from muscle to bone.
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the tendon and tendon sheath.
Tendinitis
Inflammation of just the tendon.
Enthesopathy
aka insertional tendinitis. Occurs at the bone-tendon junction.
Peritendinitis
inflammation of the sheath.
Myotendinitis
inflammation of the muscle-tendon interface.
Mechanisms of tendon disorder development
excessive & typically repetitive tensile loading, compression (transverse) with tension, and tendon strength decreases with age.
Muscle function
Activators of the lever system of the skeleton. Produce force, generate movement, stabilize joints, blood supply etc.
Myalgia
muscle soreness & pain. (localized regions are tender to the touch).
Myositis
inflammation of the muscle tissue.
Myofascial pain syndrome
Chronic myalgia usually due to insufficient recovery & excessive use.
Fibromyalgia /Fibrositis
End stage of myalgia. Symptoms: spastic muscles, tingling, nervousness, and sleeplessness.
Mechanisms of muscle disorder development
External forces on passive tissues.
Nerve function
sends signals throughout the body.
Neural entrapment
The nerve is trapped between 2 tissues (ex. muscle, bones, ligaments, other tendons) resulting in impaired blood flow & oxygenation and mechanical blocking of depolarization.
Double crush syndrome
One entrapment raises the likelihood of another axonal flow disruption.
Digital Neuritis
Nerve inflammation due to direct pressure, generally in the fingers and thumb.
Mechanisms of nerve disorder development
compression of the nerve leads to damage-inflammation-fibrin deposits- fibrous tissue- axonal degeneration. Vibration and direct pressure (external) accelerates the process.
HAVS
Hand arm vibration syndrome.
Vasculature function
Provides material to cells for normal function. (especially O2).
Ischemia
Decrease in blood supply (& O2) to a body part caused by vessel constriction/ obstruction.
Example of vascular disorders
HAVS, Raynauds syndrome (white fingers), and hypothenar hammer syndrome (ulnar artery).
Precipitating factors for vascular disorders
Vibration, cold, direct pressure, smoking, and diabetes.
Bursa
A sack or sack-like body usually containing synovial fluid and situated around joints (articulations).
Primary roles of bursa
Reduce friction and distribute forces.
Bursitis
inflammation of the bursa.
Causes of bursitis
friction, trauma, inflammatory diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis), and bacterial infection.
Bursitis locations in the UE
Shoulder (subacromial) and elbow.
Role of bone
Form, factories, and function.
Role of cartilage
Cushioning, support, shock absorption, and joint conformity/ congruency.
Gout
specialized case of rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis
local joint inflammation resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness. Osteo… = most common.
Arth means
Joint.
Rheumatoid
generalized/systemic inflammation.
Osteoarthritis
Cartilage degeneration.
Fractures
Usually traumatic with the exception of stress fractures (incomplete or slow healing of micro fractures).
Causes of bone/cartilage disorders
trauma, bone joint motion (cumulative), systemic diseases, and ideopathic.
Epidemiology definition
Branch of medicine that studies epidemic diseases.
Relevance of epidemiology to MSDs (in and out of work)
MSDs are reaching epidemic proportions because of an older population and increased reporting & awareness.
Incidence
Frequency of development of new cases of an illness in a given time period usually 1 year.
Prevalence
Current number of people suffering from an illness in a given time period usually 1 year.
Manipulation
control of exposure level and duration.
Randomization
Use of chance to assign exposures. (sometimes hard to do)
Factors in epidemiological studies
manipulation and randomization.
General study types
Experimental, Quasi-experimental, and observational.
Experimental
aka interventional, allows greatest control over exposures and participants.
Quasi-experimental
Manipulate study factors but not subjects, i.e. non random populations.
Observational
Examining exposure patterns & outcomes to draw inferences about disease etiology (beginning).
Interpreting odds and risk ratios
know that benefit = < 1 & hazard = > 1.
Multivariate modeling
multiple factors influencing an outcome.
Factors related to epidemiological study quality
Temporality, temporal congruity, covariance, congruity, and plausibility.
Temporality
Exposure precedes the outcome.
Temporal contiguity
Timelines of the exposure (how long ago was the exposure).
Covariance
Does decreased exposure decrease outcomes. (are things moving together).
Congruity
Direct association between exposure and outcome.
Dose response relationship
i.e. 2x exposure = 4x outcome. Difficult to establish.
Plausibility
Are things reasonably explainable. Physiological/ biomechanical/ neurologically plausible.
Characteristics of the shoulder
Mobility, instability, geometric complexity, and experimental inaccessibility.
Shoulder components
bones, joints(labrum & ligaments), muscles, bursa, nerves, and vasculature.
Sternum
Breast bone & base of the arm attached to the ribs by cartilage. Two palpable points are the SSN and XP.
Sternoclavicular joint
relatively low intrinsic stability, full disk, ligaments provide isometric joint stabilization & limit clavicle ROM.
Degrees of freedom in sternoclavicular joint
3 degrees of freedom; all rotational (or angular) with generally no translational because of ligaments. Elevation/depression: 30-35 degrees. Anterior/posterior: approximately 35 degrees. Long Axis: approximately 45-50 degrees (10 down, 35 forward).
