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Adapted Therapeutic Exercise: Principles and Applications > KIN311 - Midterm (Intro, Flexibility + ROM, M. Strength + Endurance) > Flashcards

KIN311 - Midterm (Intro, Flexibility + ROM, M. Strength + Endurance) Flashcards

1
Q

(a) What is APA and the two main roots?
(b) What is “corrective fitness” and what is the term we use now?
(c) What’s the difference bewteen paresis vs paralysis?
(d) What does PNF stand for and what was it originally for?
(e) What does adaptation mean?

A

(a) Adapted physical activity is physical activity modified for people with special needs to promote their healthy & active lifestyle ; special education + medical gymnastics
(b) (Positive) adaptations ; “adapative fitness” is the new term
(c) Paresis (partial loss from stroke) vs paralysis (complete loss from TBI)
(d) Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ; originally to strengthen neurological problems, but now used for flexibiltiy
(d) Process of changing yourself while changing your environment

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2
Q

What machine in the COA is universally accessible for all clients with wheelchair or not?

A

Cybex

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3
Q

What’s the difference between chronic injury and disability? Provid an example for each.

A
  • Chronic injury still can do ADL (arthritis)
  • Disability lack the abilty to do ADL (depression)
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4
Q

Define the following:
(a) Impairment
(b) Functional limitation
(c) Disabilites
(d) Handicap

A

(a) Impairment: Any loss/changes of psycho.physio. anatom. or function ; (EX: amputation)
(b) Functuonal limtiations: Limitation from impairment not disabling yet interfere with normal function ; (EX: arthritis)
(c) Disabilities: Inability to undertake normal ADL (physical/mental/social/emotional)
(d) Handicap: Social disadvantage results from the impairment or disability

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5
Q

What was the orgin for the term “handicap”?

A

Was used in competitions for intentionally getting a disadvantage

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6
Q

What does ATE stand for and its definition?

A

ATE: Adapted Therapeutic Exercise
* Modified exercise program for therapeutic purposes
* Specially designed exercise programs to achieve or restore optimal motor function for individuals with I.F.D.
* “Adapted” = Modified = Accommodating

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7
Q

What are the 3 goals of ATE

A
  1. To prevent dysfunction and 2nd complications (obesity)
  2. To IMPROVE & MAINTAIN optimal status of functional motor skills and independence of ADL by working on 5 basic components of ATE
  3. Slow down the progress of a disability (MD or MS)
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8
Q

What are the 5 basic components of ATE?

A
  1. ROM and Flexibility
  2. Muscular Strenght and Endurance
  3. CV Endurance
  4. Proprioception and Balance
  5. Funcitonal Motor Skills
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9
Q

What is nueroplasticity? Provide an example.

A

Neuroplasticity: Brain’s ability to change, REMODEL and REORGANIZE for purpose of better ability to ADAPT to NEW SITUATIONS
* Structural and functional neuroplasticity
* Remodeling of neuronal circuit following neurologic damage (e.g., TBI, SCI)
~ Reorganization of motor complex in a quadrapalegic athlete (neurocircuits that correspond to L.E. are remodel to U.E.)
~ CVA causes a decay/cavity, causing brain to remodel

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10
Q

What is Optimal Control Theory?

A

Optimal Control Theory: Motor adaptation as a process of REOPTIMIZATION (e.g., gait training for hemiparetic gait)
- Find what’s optimal for your client depending on their own condition

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11
Q

What is Dynamical Systems Theory?

A

Dynamical Systems Theory: Movement emerges from the interaction of multiple sub-systems within the PERSON, TASK and ENVIRONMENT (e.g., PWB, AQ gait & balance training)
- Body and environment dynamics interact w/ each other to how we move

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12
Q

What are the four basic principles of ATE?

A
  1. Wolff’s Law
  2. SAID Principle
  3. Progressive Overload Principle
  4. FITT Principle
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13
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Wolff’s Law: Human skeletal system adapts to FORCE & STRESS placed on it
- Designed to explain human growth (bone)

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14
Q

What is the SAID Principle?

A

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands
* Stresses and overloads of varying intensities → gradual adapt
over time to overcome whatever demands placed
- Give specific demands to have specific adaptations (EX: do cardio to resist fatigue)

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15
Q

What is Progressive Overload Principle?

A

Gradually progessing certain demand (EX: Increase weights)

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16
Q

What is the FITT principle?

A

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
- Essential for doing ANY exercise
- Frequency: how often you should train

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17
Q

When should one do dynmic stretching vs. static and passive stretching?

A
  • Dynamic stretching should be done before a game to produce more force and power (excitabilty of muscles)
  • Static and passive stretching is good for clients at COA to improve ROM
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18
Q

Define ROM vs flexibility? Which is more greater?

A
  • ROM: the amount of move. possible at a JOINT
  • Flexibility: the ability of MUSCLE TENDON (MT) unit to ELONGATE as a body segment or joint moves through the ROM
  • ROM > Flexibilty
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19
Q

Define the following:
(a) Strain
(b) Tendon
(c) Sprain

A

(a) Strain: Muscle/Tendon tear
(b) Tendon: Muscle to bone
(c) Sprain: Ligament (bone to bone) tear

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20
Q

What are the 5 affecting factors of ROM?

A
  1. M flexibility
  2. Mobility of Jt. Capsules
  3. Ligaments & fascial restraints
  4. Inflammation
  5. Scar tissues
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21
Q

What are some ways/exercise techniques that can increase ROM

A

ROM Exercise Techniques:
- PROM/AROM/AAROM/CPM
Other ways to increase ROM:
- Stretching
- Manual therapy (MyoF Release (deep tissue massage), Trigger Pt. (accupuncture), Jt. Mob)

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22
Q

What is CPM and provide an example from the COA

A

CPM = Continuous passive movement/motion
- EX: Moto-med

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23
Q

(a) Is stretching related to felxibility or ROM?
(b) What type of stretching protocol is used at the center for therapeutic exercises? Why?
(c) What are the three different type of stretching techniques?

A

(a) Flexibility
(b) MFE at the center is passive static to elongate the muscle safely for the client
(c) Passive static (⟷ dynamic/ballistic ), Active inhibition, self-stretching

24
Q

What type of stretch is propriceptive neuromuscular facilitation? What does this mean?

A

Active inhibiton
- Actively inhibits the neuromuscular system (communciation between brain and muscle’s length and tension via golgi tendons and m. spindles)

25
Q

What are some of the benefits of dynamic stretching as mentioned in class?

A
  • Lubrication of jts.
  • Warm-up
  • Movment can mimic the sport they’re doing
  • Incorporate more muscle groups
26
Q

What are the three types of active inhibition (PNF) technique? (Consider hamstring stretching)

A
  1. Autogenic inhibtion (hold-relax with agonist) ; isometric
  2. Reciprocal inhibiton (hold and realx with antagonist) ; quads are being used
  3. Contract and relax (contract through ROM) ; MRE style concentric
27
Q

How are muscles able to increase their ROM through active inhibition stretching?

A

Muscle becomes RELAXED becuase it’s FATIGUE, thus target muscle will RECOVER = ↑ ROM in stretch (autogenic inhibition)
- Think of examples done in class (cervical extensor, trunk flexor)

28
Q

(a) What does afferent neuron input vs. efferent neuron output
(b) What type of activie inhibition are we doing when walking?
(c) How can a muscle be in sleep mode? Does neuromuscular communication occur?

A

(a) Afferent neuron (sensory - length + tension) vs efferent neuron (motor)
(b) Reciprocal inhibiton ; muscles can be in sleep/off mode
(c) From being relaxed too long → muscles in sleep mode ; NO communication occurs

29
Q

What dertermines the Mt. flexibility? List the 4 CT that factors in limiting flexibility?

A

Mt Flexibility: determined by the compositions of connective tissues
1. Collagen
2. Elastin fibers
3. Reticulin fibers
4. Ground substance

30
Q

Define the following and how it can be enhanced:
Collagen

A

Collagen: synthesize protein provides tissue strength and stiffness (stability)
- Enhanced through resistance exercise

31
Q

Define the following and how it can be enhanced:
Elastin fibers

A

Elastin fibers: provides extensibility of structure (more flexibility)
- Enhanced by plyometric and stretching (for someone with contracture)

32
Q

Define the following and how it can be enhanced:
Reticulin fibers

A

Reticulin fibers: repairing collagen fiber
- Found in scar tissues, mixed with collagen
- Can be minimized through streteches and ultrasound waves

33
Q

Define the following and how it can be enhanced:
Ground substance

A

Ground Substance: structureless organic gels for friction reduction
- A lubricant among our muscle cells
- Activated through warming-up ; typically why athletes have a sweater on

34
Q

(a) What are the two types of essential properties of flexibiltiy?
(b) What are the 4 mechanical properties of flexibility?
(c) What are the three nueromuscular properites of flexibility?

A

(a) Mechanical property and neuromuscular property
(b) Elastcity, plasticity, viscocity, viscoelasticity
(c) M. spindle, GTO, Jt. receptors

35
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Elasticity: ability to return to normal length after an elongation
force or load applied (ex. M strengthening)
* Stress and Strain curve: Elastic limit, strain, deformity
* Can be enhanced by stretching and ROM

36
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Plasticity: ability to undergo a permanent change in size or shape due to external force, ex. posture
- Stretching lengthens muscles

37
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Viscosity: ability to RESIST loads that produce shear and flow (ex. warm up, Syringe analogy)
- Consider ground substance and how warming-up is needed to decrease velocity and resistance
- Honey in a syringe = high viscosity and resistance (vs. water)

38
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

Viscoelasticity: ability to resist change of shape but inability to completely return to its former state after changing shape
* Combination of elastic and plastic properties.
* Plays a role in gymnasts eventually transitioning to plasticity

39
Q

(a) What is a type II muscle strain?
(b) What is a type III muscle strain?
(c) What is a type IV muscle strain?
(d) Are L.E or U.E injuries harder to heal?

A

(a) Elastic
(b) Plastic
(c) Muscle strain = tendon failuer
(d) L.E.

40
Q

What is a contracture? What are the 5 different types?

A

Contracture: the adaptive shortening of muscle or other soft tissues that cross a joint, resulting in a limitation of ROM
- Muscles that aren’t used used will atrophy and contracutre (shortnening)
1. Myostatic
2. Adhesions
3. Scar tissue adhesions
4. Irreversible contracture
5. Pseudomyostatic contracture

41
Q

What is myostatic?

A

Myostatic: no specific tissue pathology, can be resolved, e.g.“tightness in two-joint m.”
- Stiffness from inactivity (EX: long flights and bgine watching)

42
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Adhesions: increase in cross bonding and adherence btw fibers, loss of mobility
- Ground substance gets harder as you get older
- Adhesive capitulitis: impingement of a nerve

43
Q

What is scar tissue adhesion?

A

Scar tissue adhesions: randomized pattern resulting in ROM restriction, e.g. “chronic inflammation”
- Suture = reticular fiber

44
Q

What is irreversible contracture?

A

Irreversible contracture: Permanent loss of extensibility of soft tissue, excessive amt of connective/ bone tissues
- Occurs without intervention of therapeutic exercises = “claw” or “equinos contracture”

45
Q

What is pseudomyostatic contracture?

A

Pseudomyostatic contracture: apparent limit of motion due to hypertonicity
- Fake/ temporary shortening = cramps

46
Q

(a) Define muscular strength
(b) Define msucuslar endurance
(c) How would you train them differently?
(d) Should training be the same for a short distance runner vs long distance runner?

A

(a) Strength: M. ability to exert Max F (1RM)
(b) Endurance: M. ability to sustain a submax F (how long you can susttain those reps w/ certain pound)
(c) strength = less reps and higher resistance ; endurance = more reps and higher resistance
(d) No

47
Q

Fill in the blank in regards muscular stregnth:
(a) The amount of ____ a contracting M can produce
(b) The ___ ___ of a contracting M

A

(a) tension
(b) F output

48
Q

(a) What type of contraction generates more force?
(b) Between F output and tension, what defines m. strength?
(c) What does more tension create?
(d) Between concentric and and eccentric, which produces more force? Provide an example.
(e) Between concentric and and eccentric, which is a safer mode of stregnth training?
(f) What is power?
(g) What type of training does the articel reccomend to do for tendonitis? Provide an example.
(h) What two components does eccentric consists of?

A

(a) Isometric
(b) F output
(c) More tensions = more force
(d) Eccentric (EX: Bicep curl)
(e) concentric
(f) Strength and speed (work per unit of time)
(g) Eccentirc training (EX: heel drop)
(h) shock absorption and deceleration

49
Q

What are the 7 main factors for strenght?

A
  1. Cross-sectional size of M - the thicker the muscle the greater the strength
  2. Recruitment of motor units (muscle slightly lengthens = more tension = more force)
  3. M length-tension relationship - Efficacy of neuromuscular
  4. Type of M contraction (concentric, eccentric, isometric)
  5. M fiber type distribution - slow-twitch (Type I) vs fast-twicth (Type IIa vs Type IIb)
  6. Speed of contraction - slower = greater fatigue (more motor units)
  7. Motivation & other psychological factors - Visualizaton (mind and body)
50
Q

How can the length-tension relationship be applied when doing exercises?

A

Full ROM must be done to achieve lenght-tension relationship

51
Q

Know the difference between muscle fibers (type I vs type IIa-b)
(a) How can this applied when doing core exercises?

A

(a) Endurance oriented exercises (type I) should be done when doing core exercises (EX: sit-ups)

52
Q

Fill in the blank:
(a) The ____, the more F
(b) The ____, the less F

A

Inverse relationship bewteen speed of contraction and F
(a) slower
(b) faster

53
Q

What are the two results as an increase of strength?

A
  • Hypertrophy: Size of M fiber increase
    — Hyperplasia? : an increase in the number of M fibers (longitudinal fiber splitting)
    — vs. atrophy
  • Recruitment: Increased # of firing motor units
    —Ex) Rapid strength gain in very early stage
54
Q

What are the 7 principles of strength training?

A
  1. Overload
  2. Intensity
  3. Progression:
    Progressive Resistance Exercise
    * Reps/sets/intensity
    * Rep max
    * One rep max (1RM)
  4. Specificity - SAID
  5. Consistency
  6. Individuality
  7. Variations of techniques
55
Q

What are the 7 types of strenght exercises?

A
  1. Manual Resistance
    – no equip/ trust/ feedback/ assess/modify vs. time/objective/train
  2. Body Weight (ex. Swiss Ball)
    – No equip/ anywhere/no$ vs. no feedback/ weak m/
  3. Thera-Band
    – low $/ transport/home/progressive R/mimic functional vs. changing R (reverse)/mostly upper body
  4. Free Weights
    – No limit - manual/ position & angle variation/assess/functional w. cuff vs. safety/ correct form/ no constant wt.
  5. Isotonic Machines
    – vs. Accommodating Resistance Exercise
  6. Isokinetic Machines
  7. PNF (Herman Kabat, 1950) combo of primitive move pattern full ROM ex) D1, D2
56
Q

What’s the difference between open vs. closed kinetic chain?

A
  • Open-kinetic Chain Exercise:
    – Distal segment is not attached to unyielding surface (freely in air) - ex. NWB
    ~ EARLIER stage of TE
  • Closed-kinetic Chain Exercise:
    – Distal segment is fixed on unyielding surface (closer to gorund) - ex. WB
    – LATER stage of TE, functional motor skills

Adapted Therapeutic Exercise: Principles and Applications (2 decks)

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