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wjec gcse biology unit 2 > kidneys and homeostasis > Flashcards

kidneys and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the three main roles of the kidneys

A

removal of urea and other waste products from the blood

adjustment of salt levels in the blood

adjustment of water content of the blood

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2
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of constant water levels in the body fluids of an organism

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3
Q

why is osmoregulation important

A

it prevents cells bursting or shrinking when water enters or leavers by osmosis

cellular reactions occur in aqueous solution therefore water levels affect concentrations and the rate of reactions in cells

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4
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney where filtration and selective reabsorption takes place

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5
Q

what are the three stages involved in the formation of urine

A

filtration
selective reabsorption
osmoregulation

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6
Q

describe filtration in the kidneys

A 
blood flows through the capillary knot under high pressure 
small molecules (e.g. urea, glucose), water and slats are filtered out of the blood and into the bowman's capsule
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7
Q

why is there a build-up of pressure in the capillary knot

A

due to the arteriole leading into the capillary knot being wider than the arteriole taking blood from the capillary knot

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8
Q

why do large molecules (like protein) remain in the blood

A

they are too large to fit through the pores in the capillary walls

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9
Q

which substances are selectively reabsorbed from the nephron tubule

A

all sugars
some water
some ions

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10
Q

what happens to the molecules that are not selectively reabsorbed

A

they travel down the kidney tubule as urine and are transported to the bladder via the ureter. here they are stored and eventually excreted

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11
Q

what is urine

A

waste solution containing urea, excess water, excess ions

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12
Q

if blood water levels become too high, the kidney produces more _____ urine

A

dilute

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13
Q

if blood levels become too low the kidney produces more _____ urine

A

concentrated

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14
Q

how is the concentration and volume of urine controlled

A

it is controlled by the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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14
Q

how is the concentration and volume of urine controlled

A

it is controlled by the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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15
Q

what produces anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

the pituitary gland

16
Q

describe how anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) affects the kidney

A

ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood

more concentrated urine is produced

17
Q

describe the composition of urine

A

contains:
some water
some salts
urea

18
Q

what may glucose in the urine indicate

A

diabetes

19
Q

what may blood or cells in the urine indicate

A

kidney disease

20
Q

why is it important that salt content is regulated in the blood

A

removing excess salts is important because, if the concentration of salts in the body is wrong, it could mean too much or too little water is drawn into cells by osmosis

21
Q

what is the process of water content regulation controlled by

A

negative feedback system

22
Q

what happens when water content increases

A

a receptor in the brain detects that the water content is too high

the coordinator centre in the brain receives the information and organises a response

the pituitary glands releases less ADH, so less water is reabsorbed from the kidneys

more dilute urine is produced

23
Q

what happens when water content decreases

A

a receptor in the brain detects that the water content is too low

the coordination centre in the brain receives the information and organises a response

the pituitary gland releases more ADH, so more water is reabsorbed for the kidneys

more concentrated urine is produced

24
Q

how can kidney failure be treated

A

kidney dialysis

kidney transplant

24
Q

how can kidney failure be treated

A

kidney dialysis

kidney transplant

25
Q

what is kidney dialysis

A

a machine artificially filters a patients blood

26
Q

how does kidney dialysis work

A
27
Q

outline the advantages of kidney dialysis

A

does not involve surgery

patient can undergo kidney dialysis while waiting for a donor kidney

28
Q

outline the disadvantages of kidney dialysis

A

connected to a dialysis machine for many hours a week

may have to travel to hospital

must control diet (e.g. fluid and salt intake)

not a permanent solution

29
Q

what does a kidney transplant involve

A

taking a kidney from a living donor or someone recently deceased and implanting it into the patient

29
Q

what is the risk associated with kidney transplants

A

risk of the body rejecting the transplanted kidney

30
Q

what is meant by kidney ‘rejection’

A

the immune system detects the foreign tissue and attacks it

31
Q

what precautions are taken to minimise the risk of rejection

A

tissue typing ensures that the transplanted organ is ‘compatible’ with the recipient

32
Q

outline the advantages of kidney transplant

A

most permanent solution

improves patients quality of life

33
Q

outline the disadvantages of a kidney transplant

A

difficult to find a suitable donor

involves major surgery

transplanted kidney has limited lifespan

risk of organ rejection

may have to take immunosuppressant drugs for life

immunosuppressants increase the risk of other infections

wjec gcse biology unit 2 (8 decks)

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