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wjec gcse biology unit 2 > DNA and inheritance > Flashcards

DNA and inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the structure and function of DNA

6 Marks

A

two long chains

alternating sugar and phosphate

connected by bases

twisted to form double helix

four types of bases:
Adenine, Thymine (A-T)
Cytosine, Guanine (C-G)

complementary base pairs. A-T and C-G

the order of bases form a code for making proteins

each triplet code identifies as a particular amino acid

amino acids are linked together to form proteins

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2
Q

what are the 4 letters that represent bases in DNA

A

A
T
C
G

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3
Q

describe the paring rules in DNA

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine
(A pairs with T)

Cytosine pairs with Guanine
(C pairs with G)

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4
Q

name the 4 base in DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

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5
Q

how does the sequence of DNA affect the protein made in protein synthesis

A

DNA is triplet code where 3 bases code for one amino acid and the order of amino acids determine the protein produced

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6
Q

what is genetic profiling

A

A method of comparing DNA by cutting it into small pieces which are then separated into bands and then compared

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6
Q

what is genetic profiling

A

A method of comparing DNA by cutting it into fragments and comparing the fragments with each other

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7
Q

give 3 uses of genetic profiling

A

paternity testing (working out who is the biological parent of a child)

forensic identification (matching a criminal to DNA left at a crime scene)

matching an organisms DNA to classify it / comparing species for classification purposes

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8
Q

give benefits of genetic profiling

A

it can help to catch criminals

used to to identify the presence of certain genes which may be associated with a particular disease

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9
Q

what are ethical concerns surrounding genetic profiling

A

ownership issues

privacy

insurance problems

embryonic screening leading to abortion

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10
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a protein
a section of DNA that determines inherited characteristics
genes have different forms called alleles found in pairs

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11
Q

what are alleles

A

different versions of the same genes

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12
Q

what is a chromosome

A

tightly packed DNA

found in pairs int the nucleus

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13
Q

what are gametes

A

gametes are sex cells (sperm or eggs)

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14
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

an allele which when present in the heterozygous condition expresses itself in the phenotype

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15
Q

wat is a recessive allele

A

a version of a gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

16
Q

what is meant by the term homozygous

A

when an organism has two copies of the same allele (two recessive or two dominant)
e.g AA or aa

17
Q

what is meant by the term heterozygous

A

both alleles are different (one dominant and one recessive)

e.g Aa

18
Q

what is the genotype

A

all the alleles in a organism

19
Q

what is the phenotype

A

the visible characteristics

20
Q

what is the F1 generation

A

the first offspring produced when organisms are bred together

21
Q

what is the F2 generation

A

the offspring produced when two offspring (F1 generation organisms) are bred together

22
Q

what is selfing

A

when gametes from the same parent fuse (e.g when pollen from a plant lands on the stigma of the same plant)

23
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

altering the genome of an organism

24
Q

what are the advantages of genetically modified crops

A

better crop yields

food will last longer and taste better

25
Q

give the disadvantages of genetically modified crops

A

the new genes can easily spread to other plants in the environment

long term effects of genetically modified crops on health are unknown

26
Q

what do the bands in genetic profiling show

A

the similarities between two DNA samples

27
Q

what are the male and female genotypes

A 
male = XX
female = XY
28
Q

what is genetic modification

A

genetic modification transfers genes between organisms

29
Q

what are the benefits of genetic modification

A

crops can be herbicide resistant

crops can be genetically modified to be resistant to insect pests or to disease (increasing crop yield)

wjec gcse biology unit 2 (8 decks)

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