Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Diseases > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What is synthesised in the kidneys?

A

Vitamin D and EPO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the usual value for GFR?

A

125ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the value for amount of filtrate per day?

A

180L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 2 layers is the glomerular basement membrane between?

A

Endothelial cells and podocyte layer (visceral layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How would you describe the capillary endothelium in the kidney?

A

Fenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the macula dense? where found?

A

wall of the distal tubule, where it touches the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the bowmans space between?

A

The visceral layer and parietal layer of renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the filtrate move to after passing through the fenestrations in the capillary?

A

Into bowmans space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you measure renal function?

A

Measure serum creatinine via blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the definition of GFR?

A

The sum of filtration rates in all functioning nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which 2 things are sources of creatinine?

A

Dietary and creatine metabolism in the skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 methods used to assess GFR?

A

Creatinine clearance, plasma creatinine concentration and estimation equation (Cockcroft-gault) MDRD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the equation for creatinine clearance?

A

urine creatine concxplasma creatinine conc/urine volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Creatinine clearance value - female?

A

95+-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Creatinine clearance value - male?

A

120+-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Creatinine clearance value limitations?

A

Incomplete urine collection and increased creatinine secretion from tubule in renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does an increase in creatinine mean?

A

Means dramatic DECREASE in GFR - occurs in CKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MDRD what is it based off?

A

Race, age, sex, creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biggest cause of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When should eGFR be measured?

A

In cases when people at high risk of kidney disease, aka IHD, PVD, pts taking ACEI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who makes more creatine, athlete vs non athlete and why

A

Athlete - muscly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

eGFR value for CKD stage 3?

A

30-59ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are signs of stage 3 CKD?

A

Anaemic (due to reduced EPO), low vit D so low Ca, hypertension, however, pt is symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stage 4 CKD eGFR value?

A

15-29ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CKD stage 4 creatinine value?

A

250-600umol/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What drugs are required CKD stage 4?

A

Diuretics and antihypertensive drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is GFR in stage 5 CKD?

A

below 15mls/min, if below 5 then end stage RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Creatinine level in CKD stage 5?

A

over 700, if over 900 then end stage renal failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is an example of a really excreted drugS?

A

Opiates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In CRF do basic drugs have increased binding or decreased binding?

A

Increased binding of basic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give 2 examples of nephrotoxic drugs?>

A

Gentamycin and NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is uraemia?

A

increased urea in kid disease, platelets don’t work so increased bruising.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how to improve bleeding time in uraemia?

A

Increased haematocrit (with EPO) or dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

effects of chronic renal failure?

A

Metabolic acidosis, hyperkalaemia, hypercalcaemia, peripheral and pul. oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ESRF dialysis time? and with what drug and at what site

A

4 hours 3 x per week, heparin tunnelled intrajugular neckline or arm arteriovenous fistula

36
Q

between what artery and vein is the fistula made for the site of dialysis?

A

radial artery and cephalic vein

37
Q

What is the dialysate made of?

A

Acid and bicarbonate of correct strength with water

38
Q

What can happen if dialysis is missed?

A

Fluid overload causing pulmonary oedema

39
Q

What are the signs of acidaemia?

A

pH below 7.2, HCO3 under 16mmol/l

40
Q

When must be careful when using sodium bicarb to combat acidaemia?

A

Fluid overload and if the pt is hypocalcaemic already

41
Q

What are three other cases of acidaemia?

A

lactic acidosis, poisoning, DKA

42
Q

What can pericardial effusion cause?

A

Cardiac tamponade

43
Q

What are the components of becks triad?

A

three signs are: low blood pressure (weak pulse or narrow pulse pressure) muffled heart sounds. raised jugular venous pressure.

44
Q

Advantages of CAPD?

A

no anticoagulation needed, good bio chemistry control can be done at home, holidays

45
Q

Disad of CAPD?

A

peri mem failure eventually, weight gain and peritonitis

46
Q

in ESRF is prophy needed?

A

NO

47
Q

what is oral facial digital syndrome

A

x linked, lethal in males

48
Q

effects of oral facial digital syndrome

A

bifid tongue, cysts– not distinguishable from ADPKD , liver cysts, facial milia, cleft palate,,

49
Q

sirolimus effect

A

stomatitis, hyperlipidaemia

50
Q

When is the best time to treat a dialysis patient and why?

A

Day after dialysis - heparin will have worn off but dialysis will have peaked.

51
Q

What is a quality of heparin?

A

Has a short half life

52
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

Where too much protein is excreted in the urine

53
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

A

Glomeruli are damaged leading to increased protein loss in the urine, due to poor diabetic control.

54
Q

what is renal osteodystrophy?

A

wasting away of bone due to kidney disease

55
Q

what’s indicative of CKI?

A

GFR low (persisting for over 3 months) .

56
Q

Early CKD symptoms?

A

nocturia and poor apetite

57
Q

What are the 2 key characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Proteinuria with hypoalbuminaemia leading to oedema

58
Q

What meds may nephrotic syndrome patient be taking?

A

Long term steroids.

59
Q

What is a diagnosing symptom of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Bilateral periorbital oedema

60
Q

What immunosuppressive drugs are given to renal transplant patient?

A

Corticosteroid plus steroid sparing drug such as cyclosporin or azathioprine

61
Q

What is the most common cause of ESRF?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

62
Q

What causes renal osteodystrophy?

A

Increase in plasma phosphate levels, elevated PTH, suppression of plasma Ca, disruption in bit D metabolism causes calcium metabolism to be further comprimised.

63
Q

What causes anaemia?

A

Failure of kidney to produce EPO

64
Q

What does marrow fibrosis lead to?

A

Reduced platelet count and function. Anaemia

65
Q

What are the 2 types of dialysis?

A

Peritoneal and extra-corporeal

66
Q

The dialysis solution must be ………………… in metabolites across a semi-permeable membrane

A

hypotonic

67
Q

Where is AV fistula formed?

A

At ACF or wrist

68
Q

What is thromboxane?

A

Hormone released from platelets which causes platelet agg. and arterial constriction.

69
Q

what does prostacyclin do?

A

inhibits platelet activation and vasodilalates

70
Q

vWF function?

A

Promotes platelet agg and bridging molecule for normal platelet adhesion.

71
Q

what does cyclosporin cause?

A

Gingival hypoplasia

72
Q

CKD effects on oral ulceration and skin cancers?

A

Increased as a result of steroids and immunosuppression

73
Q

Sialosis in dialysis its, specifically….

A

Non neoplastic/infective swelling of major salivary glands especially parotid.

74
Q

CKD effects in kids?

A

Enamel hypoplasia, delayed tooth eruption, decreased growth

75
Q

What might u see in dialysis pts mouth

A

Palatal and buccal keratosis

76
Q

Why do you advice CKD patients not to swallow blood post XLA?

A

Stops renal function as heavy protein load can result in loss of renal reserve.

77
Q

Name a nephrotoxic drug?

A

Gentamycin (used in prophy)

78
Q

Which drug should be avoid in pts taking cyclosporin

A

Erythromycin

79
Q

Which tetracycline does NOT need to be avoided in kidney disease?

A

Doxycycline

80
Q

Which drugs should have a dose reduction?

A

Aciclovir, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefalexin, erythromycin

81
Q

If patient has mild kidney impairment which drug can be taken, but not if its any worse…

A

NSAIDs

82
Q

What urine production volume is produced in hypovolaemia?

A

30-60ml an hour

83
Q

If potassium levels rise in CKD, what 2 methods can be used to lower it?

A

Calcium resonium (paste given rectally) or glucose and insulin IV infusions (both take K out of the bloodstream)

84
Q

Ca is taken from bones in which disease?

A

Renal osteodystrophy

85
Q

25HCC-> 1,25HCC conversion failure leads to…

A

Secondary parathyroidism

86
Q

What type of anaemia occurs in kidney disease>

A

normocytic normochromic anaemia

87
Q

If potassium levels rise, what can this cause>

A

cardiac arrhythmias

Human Diseases (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions