Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 Urinary System > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  • filtration of blood plasma (glomerulus)
  • selective reabsorption of contents to be retained (PCT)
  • tubular secretion of some components (LoH)
  • concentration of urine as necessary (DCT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the endocrine function of kidneys?

A

Signals to rest of body - hormones inc renin, erythropoietin, 1,25-OH Vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where in the kidneys is material to be retained reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the creation of hyper-osmotic extracellular fluid taking place in kidneys?

A

Main function of loop of Henle and the vasa recta (blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is the adjustment of ion content of urine done in the kidneys?

A

Principally a function of distal covoluted tubule controlling the amount of Na+, H+, NH4+ and K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When is the concentration of urine controlled in the kidney? What happens?

A

Collecting tubule, movement of water down an osmotic gradient into extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormone affects the concentration of urine?

A

Vasopressin - ADH - antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the renal corpscle made out of?

A

Bowman’s capsule containing:

  • The glomerulus consisting of capillaries
  • Podocytes and mesangial cells associated with glomerulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the blood supply from and where does it leave the renal corpuscle?

A
  • At the vascular pole of corpuscle
  • From afferent arteriole and exit to efferent arteriole
  • Glomerular capillaries at a high pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • Fenestrae (windows) in capillary endothelium

- Special basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does the filtration happen in the renal corpusle?

A

Filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes - allows passage of ions and molecules less than 50,000 Da

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the drainage of filtrate in the renal corpuscle taking place? Where does it drain to?

A

At urinary pole of corpuscle

Drains to proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 stages of the mechanism of urine production in the kidney?

A
  • Filtration
  • Re-absorption
  • Creation of hyper-osmotic extracellular fluid
  • Adjustment of ion content of urine
  • Concentration of urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are structural features of the proximal convoluted tubule? (eg epithelium/proteins)

A
  • Cuboidal epithelium sealed by tight junctions and a brush border at apical surface
  • indigitations at lateral membrane
  • contains aquaproins, membrane protein mediating transcellular water diffusion and prominent mitochondria reflect high energy requirement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • Reabsorption of 70% of glomerular filtrate
  • Na+ uptake by basolateral Na+ pump
  • Water and anions follow Na+
  • Glucose uptake by Na+/glucose co-transporter
  • AA uptake by Na+/aa co transporter
  • Protein uptake by endocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in the descending thin tubule of the loop of Henle? What epithelia do they have?

A
  • Passive osmotic equilibrium (aquaporins present)

- Simple squamous epithelium

17
Q

What happens in the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Na+ and Cl- actively pumped out of tubular fluid

resulting in hyperosmotic extracellular fluid

18
Q

What qualities does the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle have that make it good for it’s job?

A
  • Very water impermable tight junctions
  • Membranes lack aquaporins making low permability to water
  • results in hypo osmotic tubular fluid, hyper osmotic ECF
  • high energy requirement
19
Q

What kind of epithelia does the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle have?

A

cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

20
Q

How are the blood vessels in the vasa recta in the Loop of Henle? eg arrangement

A

Arranged in loop that stabilises hyperosmotic [Na+]

In rapid equilibrium with extracellular fluid

21
Q

What is the site of osmotic equilibrium in the kidneys and what hormone controls it?

A

Distal convoluted tubule/Cortical collecting duct

Control by vasopressin

22
Q

Where does specialisation take place in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Macula densa, a part of juxtaglomerular apparatus

23
Q

What happens in the medullary collecting duct?

A
  • Passes through medulla with its hyperosmotic extracellular fluid
  • water moves down osmotic gradient to concentrate urine
24
Q

What does water movement rate in the medullary collecting duct depend on?

A

Aquaporin 2 in apical membrane

  • content varied by exo-endocytosis mechanism
  • under control from the pituitary hormone vasopressin
25
Q

What type of aquaporin does the basolateral membrane have on the medullary collecting duct?

A

Aquaporin 3, not under control by vasopressin

26
Q

What kind of epithelium does the medullary collecting duct have?

A

Simple cuboidal with no indigitations and little active pumping so few mitochondria

27
Q

Where does the medullary collecting duct drain into?

A

Minor calyx at papilla of medullary pyramid

Minor and major calyces and pelvis have urinary epithelium

28
Q

What does the juxtagolmerular apparatus do?

A
  • Secrete renin to control blood pressure via angiotensin

- senses stretch in arteriole wall and Cl- in tubule

29
Q

What are the cell components of the jutaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • macula densa of distal convoluted tubule

- juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole

30
Q

What’s the capacity of the bladder?

A

~500ml

31
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Network of capillaries surrounding the LoH

32
Q

What kind of epithelial cell does the distal convoluted tubule have?

A

Cuboidal with few microvilli and complex lateral membrane indigitations with Na+ pumps and numerous large mitochondria

33
Q

How is osmotic re-equilibrium controlled in the DCT/CT?

A

Vasopressin

34
Q

How is adjustment of Na+/K+/H controlled in DCT/CT

A

Aldosterone

Y1 Urinary System (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions