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Y1 Urinary System > Kidney and Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Kidney and Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary tract comprised of?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What is the kidney surrounded by?

A

Dense fibrous capsule

Outside capsule is a fascial pouch (renal fascia) containing peri-renal adipose tissue

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3
Q

Where does the right kidney’s superior pole lie? what about the left

A

Right at 11th intercostal space and left at 11th rib so the right kidney is usually slightly lower

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4
Q

Where does the hilum tend to lie?

A

About level of L1

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5
Q

What nerves supply the kidneys posteriorly?

A

11th intercostal and subcostal nerves
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

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6
Q

What is anterior and left to the kidneys?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Spleen
Splenic flexure

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7
Q

Where do kidneys get their blood supply?

A

Renal arteries - short direct branches from abdominal aorta

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8
Q

What drives ultrafilteration by glomerular capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

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9
Q

Where do renal veins drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

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10
Q

What is the structure of the kidney?

A

Cortex - granular looking because of random organisation
Medulla - striated because of radial arrangement of tubules and micro vessels
Kidney is multilobar

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11
Q

How does each lobe drain?

A

Through it’s own papilla and calyx

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12
Q

Where are the ureters found?

A

Run vertically down the posterior abdominal wall in the vertical plane of the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and then run anteromedially into the bladder at the level of the ischial spine

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13
Q

What vessels supply the ureters?

A

All major vessels of the abdomen: renal arterial branch, testicular or ovarial arterial branch, small branches of aorta, external and internal iliac arterial branches

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14
Q

Where are the three sites of ureteric constriction?

A

Pelviureteric junction - 1st
Where ureter crosses pelvic brim (pelvic inlet) - 2nd
Entrance to bladder - 3rd

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15
Q

What are the contriction sites of the ureter?

A

Sites of renal colic caused by kidney stones attempting to pass

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16
Q

How is urine transported through the ureter?

A

By peristalsis of their smooth muscle walls, and open obliquely through bladder wall

17
Q

What does the bladder look like?

A

Triangular pyramid with apex pointing anteriorly and base posteriorly

18
Q

How many layers does the bladder have? What is it lined by?

A

3 Layer epithelium lined by urothelium

19
Q

What is the cell turnover rate of the bladder

A

Very slow

20
Q

What do the large luminal cells in the bladder have that makes them good at their job?

A

Highly specialised low permeability luminal membrane that prevents dissipation of urine-plasma gradients

21
Q

What are the two different urinary sphincters?

A

Sphincter vesicae - internal sphincter - smooth muscle

Sphincter urethrae - external sphincter - straited muscle

22
Q

Where is the sphincter vesicae found?

A

At neck of bladder

23
Q

Where is sphincter urethrae found?

A

In perineum

24
Q

How is the sphincter vesicae relaxed and contracted?

A

Relaxed by PNS and contracts by sympathetic NS

REFLEX action - to bladder wall tension

25
Q

What does the sphincter vesicae respond do?

A

Bladder wall tension

26
Q

How is tone maintained in sphincter urethrae?

A

Somatic pudendal nerves S2,3,4 and opened by voluntary inhibition of nerves

27
Q

What is anterior to the hilium of the liver and right?

A

Liver, hepatic flexure, and hilus lie behind the 2nd part of the duodenum

28
Q

What muscles are related to the kidney? (posterior)

A

Diaphragm
Transversus abdominus
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas Major

29
Q

What are the lengths of the right and left renal vein/artery compared to each other? Why is this?

A

Left renal vein longer than right
Left renal artery shorter than right
Due to positions of vena cava and aorta

30
Q

What happens to the ureters as the bladder swells?

A

Bladder swells due to corrugated internal membrane and the ureters are pushed back and function as a self shutting valve

31
Q

What is different in the inferior peritoneum in men and women?

A

Women have 2 holes - vagina and ureter while men have 1 - and a prostate

32
Q

What amount of liquid in the bladder initiates the sphincter vesicae?

A

300-400ml

33
Q

How is reflex and voluntary contril of sphincters stimulated?

A

Stretch receptors

34
Q

What are the 7 areas of the urethra in men?

A

Internal urethral orifice, Prostatic urethra, Membranous urethra, Bulbar urethra, Penile urethra, Navicular fossa, External urethral meatus

35
Q

How is lymph drained in the urethral system

A

follows arterial system

Y1 Urinary System (9 decks)

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