KIDNEYS Flashcards
Function of the kidneys
- Filters blood
- Excretes waste products and toxins, and excess water and ions via urine
- Regulate blood volume
Top 3 products excreted in the urine
* give its molecule of origin
- Urea – from amino acids
- Uric Acid – from Nucleic Acids
- Creatinine – Creatine Phosphate (from atp production)
Location of the Kidneys
* Superior Margin
* Inferior Margin
* Loc in the peritoneum
Superior Lumbar Region of the Pos Abdominal Wall
* Superior: TV 11 or TV 12
* Inferior: LV3
* Retroperitoneal
Which kidney is lower? Why?
Right Kidney => Overcrowded by the Liver
Borders:
* Medial:
* Lateral
* Superior
Medial: Renal Hilum
Lateral: Convex Shaped
Superior: Adrenal Glands
External Kidneys
Structures related to the posterior kidney
- Psoas Major m – more medial
- Quadratus Lumborum m – lateral to psoas major
- Transversus Abdominis m
2 Ribs protecting the kidneys
Rib 11 & Rib 12
External Kidney
Structures related to the Anterior Right Kidey
Superior:
* Liver
* R Adrenal Gland
* Descending part of the Duodenum
Inferior
* Small Intestine
* Right Colic Flexure – Hepatic Flexure
External Kidney
Structures related to the Anterior Left Kidney
Superior
* L Suprarenal Gland
* Stomach
* Spleen
Middle
* Pancreas
Inferior
* Left Colic Flexure – Splenic Fexure
* Jejunum
* Descending COlon
Protects and cushions the kidneys from Trauma and holds them in place
Coverings of the Kidneys
A surgeon is about to operate on the kidneys, at which side should he start his approach and why?
- At the posterolateral abdominal wall – it is where the least nerves and vessels are found
- Below T12
What condition can be experienced by the patient if the surgeon approached the kidneys via T12 and made a wrong cut? Why is this?
Pneumothorax – results when the Pleural Cavity is punctured - where the superior pole of the kidney @ TV12 is related to
Coverings of the Kidney
most intimate covering of the kidney
* function
Fibrous or Renal Capsule
* Maintainance of the Renal Parynchema (shape) & Inhibit infection spread by forming a barrier
Coverings of the Kidney
Fat surrounding the renal capsule @ the periphery of the kidneys
Perirenal Fat
Coverings of the Kidney
Covering of the kidneys that joins the Transversalis Fascia laterally
Renal Fascia
Coverings of the Kidney
A layer of fat that is Posterior & Posterolateral to the kidneys outside the renal fascia.
Pararenal Fat
Coverings of the Kidney
Enumerate the coverings of the kidneys from deep to superficial
Renal Capsule => Perirenal Fat => Renal Fascia => Pararenal Fat
Internal Kidney
Lighter outer region of the Internal Kidney
* contains which structure
Renal Cortex
* Renal Column
Inner darker region of the kidneys
* contains what structure
Renal Medulla
* Renal Pyramids
part of the renal pyramids that is related to the minor callices
Apex or Papillae
Which layer of the internal kidneys is striated?
* Striations are due to –
Renal Medulla
* Striations are due to the parallel bundles of urine collecting tubules
How many lobes are in each kidney
5 - 11 Lobes
Space within the medial kidneys that opens through the Renal Hilum
* It contains which structures
Renal Sinus
* It contains renal vessels, nerve, fat, and urine carrying tubes:
1. Renal Pelvis
2. Major Calices
3. Minor Calices
Structure that collects urine
* These empty the urine into the __
Renal Calices (Minor & Major) => Renal Pelvis
Trace the pathway of urine
Minor Calices => Major Calices=> Renal Pelvis => Ureter => Bladder
Blood Supply
What part of the systemic output reaches the kidneys
1/4
Coverings of the Kidney
Kidney covering that can bleed when transected
Fibrous or Renal Capsule
Blood Supply
Main blood supply of the kidneys
* Branch of — @ what level?
* Which artery (L/R) is longer/shorter and why
* Which artery (L/R) is higher and why
* Divides into which arteries as it approaches the Renal Hilum
Renal Artery
* Abdominal Aorta between LV1 - LV2
* Right Renal a. is Longer because the Abdominal Aorta lies at the left side
* Left Renal a. is higher because the right kidney is positioned lower due to the liver
* Segmental Arteries
Blood Supply
Main venous drainage of the kidneys
* Branch of —
* Which vein (L/R) is longer and why?
Renal Vein
* Inferior Vena Cava
* Left Renal Vein is longer because the IVC lies at the right side
Blood Supply
Trace the pathway of blood through the kidneys
Abdominal Aorta => Renal a. => Segmental a. => Interlobar a. => Arcuate a. => Cortical Radiate a. => Afferent Glomerular ar. => Glomerulus => Efferent Gomerular ar. => Peritubular Capillaries & Vasa Recta => Cortical Radiate v. = Arcuate v. => Interlobar v => Renal v. => IVC
Blood Supply
Position of the renal vein in reference to the renal artery
Renal v is Anterior to the Renal Artery
Nerve Supply
Main nerve supply of the kidneys
* It is an offshoot of the –
* It is arranged around the —
* Supplied by the sympathetic fibers from the (2)
* Importance
Renal Plexus
* Offshoot of the Celiac Plexus
* Renal artery
* Sympathetic Fibers from:
1. Most Inferior Thoracic Splanchnic n.
2. 1st Lumbar Splanchnic n.
* Important in controlling the diameters of the Renal a. and for influencing urine forming functions
