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Renal System BDS1 > Kidney Structure and Function > Flashcards

Kidney Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

what can oral health impact on in the rest of the body?

A

CVS disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory diseases, metabolic disease, kidney disease

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2
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

process blood and rid the body of the waste products of metabolism via urine

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3
Q

what is the main function of the kidneys?

A

maintain internal homeostasis of fluid

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4
Q

what type of organs are the kidneys?

A

excretory organs

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5
Q

what is the function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

A

produce urine

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6
Q

what is the function of the ureters in the urinary system?

A

convey urine

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7
Q

what is the function of the bladder in the urinary system?

A

store urine

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8
Q

what is the function of the urethra in the urinary system?

A

void urine

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9
Q

where do the kidneys lie in relation to the peritoneal cavity?

A

retroperitoneal

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10
Q

what are the 3 distinct parts of the kidney?

A

cortex, medulla, pelvis

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11
Q

what does the cortex contain?

A

85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons)

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12
Q

what happens in the medulla?

A

urine is concentrated which prevents excessive water loss

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13
Q

what is the pelvis of the kidney?

A

collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

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14
Q

comment on the vascularity of the kidney

A

highly vascular

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15
Q

what is the function of the renal artery in the kidney?

A

it delivers blood from abdominal aorta

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16
Q

how much blood does the kidney process per minute?

A

1.2 litres

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17
Q

starting from the renal artery what are the blood vessels of the kidney?

A

renal artery - segmental arteries - lobar arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) - interlobular veins

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18
Q

what is the nephron?

A

the basic functional unit

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19
Q

what does the nephron do?

A

filter blood plasma and excrete waste products of metabolism in urine

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of nephron?

A

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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21
Q

what is the structure of the nephron starting from the glomerulus?

A

glomerulus - Bowmans capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

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22
Q

what parts of the nephron form the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and Bowmens capsule

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23
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

filtration

24
Q

what parts of the nephron form the renaul tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

25
Q

what is the function of the renal tubule?

A

reabsorption and secretion

26
Q

what is the structure of the glomerulus?

A

a network of fine capillaries, a single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane, it is fenestrated (has perforations)

27
Q

what does the fenestrations in the glomerulus do?

A

enables rapid filtration of blood plasma

28
Q

what is the glomerulus surrounded by?

A

Bowmans capsule

29
Q

what is the bowman capsule?

A

a cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus

30
Q

what are the layers of the bowmans capsule?

A

parietal layer and visceral layer

31
Q

what is the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule comprised of?

A

specialised epithelium - podocytes

32
Q

what is the filtration barrier formed of?

A

glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and pedicels of podocytes

33
Q

what shares the same basement membrane as the pedicels?

A

fenestrated endothelium

34
Q

comment on the permeability of the filtration barrier

A

freely permeable to water and small molecules but not large proteins or cells

35
Q

what do the size and charge of the filtration slits of the filtration barrier allow?

A

provide the barrier with the ability to determine which molecules are filtered

36
Q

what is the first step in blood processing?

A

glomerular filtration

37
Q

what are the steps of glomerular filtration?

A

1 - unfiltered blood arrives at the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole , 2 - blood components filtered through the filtration barrier , 3 - filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

38
Q

what is filtration facilitated by?

A

pressure gradient

39
Q

what is filtered in the glomerulus?

A

water, glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, sodium chloride, calcium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate

40
Q

what is not filtered in the glomerulus ?

A

cells, large proteins (haemoglobin), negatively charged proteins (albumin)

41
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

the rate at which blood is filtered through the bowmans capsule

42
Q

what is the GFR primarily driven by?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

43
Q

what is the GFR counteracted by?

A

hydrostatic pressure in the bowmans capsule and glomerular osmotic pressure

44
Q

what factors influence the GFR?

A

hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, systemic blood pressure, renin-angiotensin system, disease

45
Q

what is the normal GFR?

A

125ml/min OR 180l/day

46
Q

what does kidney damage do?

A

reduce GFR

47
Q

what does reduced GFR mean?

A

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal so waste products accumulate in blood

48
Q

what is used to estimate GFR?

A

serum creatinine and urea measurements

49
Q

what is stage 1 chronic kidney disease?

A

kidney damage with normal kidney function. GFR = 90 or higher

50
Q

what is stage 2 chronic kidney disease?

A

kidney damage with mild loss of kidney function, GFR = 89-60

51
Q

what is stage 3a chronic kidney disease?

A

mild to moderate loss of kidney function, GFR = 59-45

52
Q

what is stage 3b chronic kidney disease?

A

moderate to severe loss of kidney function, GFR = 44-30

53
Q

what is stage 4 chronic kidney disease?

A

severe loss of kidney function, GFR = 29-15

54
Q

what is stage 5 chronic kidney disease?

A

kidney failure, GFR = less than 15

55
Q

what does your GFR number tell you?

A

how much kidney function you have

56
Q

what percentage of fluid is reabsorbed in the renal corpuscle?

A

99%

Renal System BDS1 (3 decks)

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