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Renal System BDS1 > Kidney Structure and Function 2/3 > Flashcards

Kidney Structure and Function 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

how much fluid does the nephron filter per day in a normal person?

A

180l

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2
Q

what does sodium transport facilitate?

A

reabsorption of nutrients, water and ions

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3
Q

how much is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

65%

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4
Q

how much is reabsorbed in ascending loop of Henle

A

25%

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5
Q

how much is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

up to 8%

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6
Q

what is the main site of reabsorption?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

what do the cells of the PCT have on them?

A

microvilli to increase surface area for reabsorption

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8
Q

what blood vessels do all parts of the nephron have a close relationship with?

A

the peritubular capillaries

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9
Q

what is the blood leaving the efferent arterioles devoid of?

A

nutrients, ions and water

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10
Q

what is passive diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

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11
Q

how does water move?

A

via aquaporins

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12
Q

what do glucose and amino acids require to move across the apical surface?

A

co-transporters

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13
Q

what are glucose and amino acids co-transported with?

A

sodium

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14
Q

where does the sodium/potassium pump sit

A

on the basolateral membrane

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15
Q

what is the ratio of sodium to potassium that is co-transported?

A

3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

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16
Q

what direction of the concentration gradient does sodium move?

A

against the concentration gradient

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17
Q

what does the sodium/potassium pump mean for the kidney?

A

it can increase absorption of nutrients from the filtrate

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18
Q

what is the relation between water and sodium?

A

water follows sodium wherever it goes i.e. osmosis

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19
Q

what is the relation between glucose and amino acids and sodium?

A

glucose and amino acids are co-transported with sodium

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20
Q

what is the relation between chloride and negative ions and sodium?

A

chloride and negative ions follow sodium down the electrical gradient

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21
Q

what does sodium active transport facilitate?

A

100% nutrient reabsorption, 65% water reabsorption, 65% negative ions follow electrical gradient, no effect on waste removal

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22
Q

whereabouts does the sodium/potassium pump take place?

A

the PCT

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23
Q

what do the juxtamedullary nephrons form?

A

the counter-current multiplication

24
Q

what limb of the loop of henle has actively pumping sodium/potassium pumps?

A

thick ascending limb

25
Q

what does the thin descending limb contain that the thick and thin ascending limbs do not?

A

aquaporins

26
Q

is the thin descending limb permeable to water?

A

yes

27
Q

are the thick and thin ascending limbs permeable to water?

A

no

28
Q

what is the thick ascending limb the site of?

A

active sodium reabsorption

29
Q

what is the ratio of sodium to chlorine and potassium moving from the tubule lumen to the tubule wall in the thick ascending limb?

A

for every 1 molecule of sodium transported there are 2 chlorine and 1 potassium molecule transported in the same direction

30
Q

what happens to water in the thin descending limbs?

A

it moves out of the tubule and into the salty medulla

31
Q

what happens to the concentration of the filtrate as it descends the thin descending limb?

A

it becomes less concentrated

32
Q

why does the concentration in the loop of Henle never equalise?

A

due to the structure and the fact that new watery fluid is constantly entering and salt is being pumped out and also the structure of the vasa recta

33
Q

what happens to the concentration of the filtrate as it ascends the thick ascending limb?

A

it becomes even less concentrated

34
Q

what does the vasa recta do?

A

employ counter current exchange (maintains concentration gradient of the medulla)

35
Q

why does the loop of Henle employ counter current multiplication?

A

to reabsorb water and concentrate urine

36
Q

which does the thick ascending limb do?

A

actively reabsorb sodium

37
Q

what is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

create and maintain high osmotic pressure within the medulla

38
Q

what is the function of the vasa recta in the medulla?

A

to support the concentration gradient

39
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

the site of fluid volume and electrolyte regulation

40
Q

what does ADH do in the DCT?

A

increase water reabsorption

41
Q

what does aldosterone do in the DCT?

A

increase sodium reabsorption

42
Q

what does ANH do in the DCT

A

promote sodium secretion

43
Q

what happens in the DCT regarding water?

A

water stays within filtrate and a large volume of dilute urine is produced

44
Q

what state is the tubule fluid entering the DCT in?

A

it is hypotonic with the interstitium

45
Q

what happens in the absence of external hormonal regulation?

A

a large volume of dilute urine is produced

46
Q

what is the target site of ADH?

A

DCT and collecting tubules

47
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

upregulates activity and insertion of sodium potassium pumps and channels

48
Q

what does aldosterone act on?

A

distal and collecting tubules

49
Q

what does ANH do?

A

inhibits action of ADH and aldosterone

50
Q

what does ANH act on?

A

distal and collecting tubules

51
Q

what does ADH do?

A

insertion of aquaporins allows water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate

52
Q

how much of the filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

53
Q

summarise what the loop of henle does

A

resorbs water and concentrates filtrate

54
Q

summarise the actions of ADH and aldosterone

A

they act distally to fine tune the filtrate

55
Q

where does 2/3 of the reabsorption take place?

A

in the PCT

Renal System BDS1 (3 decks)

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