Kidney Function

Question 1

What is ultrafiltration?

Answer 1

The non-specific filtration of the blood under high pressure

Question 2

Where does ultrafiltration occur?

Answer 2

In the Bowman’s capsule of the nephron

Question 3

Where does the blood move into the kidneys through?

Answer 3

The afferent arterioles

Question 4

What is the Bowman’s capsule comprised of?

Answer 4

An inner surface of cells called podocytes

Question 5

What are pedicels?

Answer 5

Cellular extensions of podocytes that wrap around the blood vessels;s of the glomerulus

Question 6

What is between podocytes and the glomerulus that filters the blood?

Answer 6

A glycoprotein matrix called the basement membrane

Question 7

What is the sole filtration barrier within the nephron?

Answer 7

Basement membrane

Question 8

What does the filtrate not contain?

Answer 8

Blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins

Question 9

What is selective reabsorption?

Answer 9

the reuptake of useful substances from the filtrate

Question 10

Where does selective reabsorption occur?

Answer 10

occurs in the convoluted tubules

Question 11

Where does The majority of selective reabsorption occur in?

Answer 11

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 12

What are some reabsorbed substances?

Answer 12

Water, salts, glucose, and amino acids

Question 13

What are the several adaptive features of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 13

Microvilli, co-transporter proteins, many mitochondria, tight junctions

Question 14

How are Na+ ions transported from the proximal convoluted tubule into the surrounding tissues?

Answer 14

Active transport

Question 15

What does the electrical gradient caused by t6he positively charged sodium ions cause?

Answer 15

Chloride ions to follow by diffusion

Question 16

What happens in selective reabsorption after chloride ions are diffused?

Answer 16

Sugars and amino acids are transported into the surrounding tissues by co-transporter proteins

Question 17

What does the movement of ions, sugars, and amino acids into the surrounding tissues cause?

Answer 17

An increase in the osmolarity of the tissues

Question 18

What does an increase of osmolarity in the tissue cause?

Answer 18

Water leaves the proximal convoluted tubule by osmosis

Question 19

Where does osmoregulation occur?

Answer 19

Occurs in the medulla

Question 20

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

Answer 20

establishes a salt gradient (hypertonicity) in the medulla

Question 21

What does the anti diuretic hormone regulate?

Answer 21

The level of water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Question 22

How does the loop of henle ensure that the production of urine that is more concentrated than the blood

Answer 22

countercurrent multiplier system

Question 23

What increases as the descending limb moves down into the medulla

Answer 23

The osmolarity of the filtrate

Question 24

Why is the descending limb low-permeable to ions?

Answer 24

Has few transport proteins in the membrane of its cells

Question 25

What is unable to permeate the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Answer 25

Water

Question 26

What is the capillary that flows directly alongside the loop of Henle

Answer 26

Vasa recta

Question 27

What is the role of the vasa recta?

Answer 27

supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the respiring cells of the loop of Henle