Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MS FINALS TOPICS > Kidney Disorders > Flashcards

Kidney Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Hardening of renal arteries

A

Nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of Nephrosclerosis

A

-Prolonged Hypertension
-Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Seen commonly in older adults and is associated with atherosclerosis and hypertension

A

Benign neprhosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Usually occurs in young adults and is often associated with significant HTN (DBP <130)

A

Malignant nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Nephrosclerosis

A

-Rare early in disease
- (+) proteinuria
- (+) casts in urine

Later manifestations:
-Renal insufficiency manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medical Management of Nephrosclerosis

A

-Aggresive antihypertensive therapy
(ACE Inhibitors, alone or in combination with other antihypertensive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, which destroy the nephrons?

A

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two forms of PKD

A

Autosomal dominant & Autosomal Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most common symptoms appear between 30-40 years of age

A

Autosomal dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rare form and symptoms begin in the earliest months of life or in the utero

A

Autosomal recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Clinical Manifestations of PKD

A

-Hematuria
-Polyuria
- Hypertension
- Kidney stones
- Proteinuria
- Abdominal fullness
- Flank pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diagnostics for PKD

A

UTZ of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A preferred technique for diagnosis

A

UTZ of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Medical Management of PKD

A

-No cure
- Supportive
-BP control
-Pain control
- Antibiotics for infections
- Renal Replacement, if with kidney failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It is a type of acute glomerulonephritis

A

Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common among children and young adults, but can affect all age groups

A

Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Develops 5 to 21 days after an infection of tonsils, pharynx, or skin by GABHS

A

Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

A

-Hematuria (microscopic or macroscopic)
-Urine may appear as tea-or cola- colored
-Edema
-Azotemia
- Proteinuria
- Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Abnormal concentration of nitrogenous wastes in blood

A

Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

APSGN Diagnostics

A

-Anti-streptolysin O (ASO Titer)
-Urinalysis
- BUN
-Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Determines the presence of immune response to strep

A

ASO Titer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reveals the presence of hematuria

A

Urinalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Prognosis of APSGN

A

->95% recover completely
-5% to 15% develops chronic glomerulonephritis
-1% develops irreversible renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medical Management of APSGN

A

-Bed rest until s/sx of glomerular inflammation and HTN subside
-Diet: low protein, low sodium, fluid restricted
-Antibiotics, only if strep infection is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nursing Management of APSGN

A

-Early detection and prompt treatment of sore throats and skin lesion
- Encourage to take full course of antibiotic
- Encourage good personal hygiene
- Instruct to comply with prescribe diet and fluid restriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is a type of kidney disease characterized by increased glomerular permeability and is manifested by massive proteinuria

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome Clinical Manifestations

A

-Edema
-Massive proteinuria
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypoalbuminemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome Complications

A

-Infection
- Thromboembolism (Most commonly affects renal vein)
- Pulmonary embolism
-Acute kidney injury
-Accelerated atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome Medical Management (Goals)

A

-Treat underlying cause
-Slow progression of CKD
- Symptomatic relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome Medical Management

A

-Diuretics, as ordered
-ACE inhibitors (to reduce proteinuria)
-Lipid (Lowering agents for hyperlipidemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Refers to the stone

A

Calculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Refers to stone formation

A

Lithiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

More common among men, except for struvite stones

A

Urinary Tract Calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Types of kidney stones

A

-Calcium stone
- Uric acid stone
- Struvite stone
- Cysteine stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Small, often possible to get trapped in the ureter

A

Calcium oxalate stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Risk factors of calcium oxalate stones

A

-Idiopathic hypercalciuria
- Hyperxaluria
-Family history

37
Q

Mixed stones, with struvite or oxalate

A

Calcium phosphate stones

38
Q

Predisposing factors of calcium phosphate stones

A

-Alkaline urine
- Primary hyperparathyroidism

39
Q

3-4 x more common among women

A

Struvite stones

40
Q

Always associated with UTI; large staghorn type

A

Struvite stones

41
Q

Predisposing factors of struvite stones

A

UTIs (Usually Proteus)

42
Q

Predominant in men, high incidence among Jewish men

A

Uric Acid Stones

43
Q

Predisposing factors uric acid stones

A

-Gout
-Acidic Urine
- Heredity

44
Q

A sulfur-containing amino acid

A

Cysteine

45
Q

Genetic autosomal recessive defect causing a defective absorption of cysteine

A

Cysteine Stones

46
Q

Predisposing Factors of Cysteine Stones

A

Acidic Urine

47
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Urinary Tract Calculi

A

-Severe, sharp flank area, back, or lower abdominal pain (renal colic)
-Pain may radiate to groin area + testicular/labial pain
-Nausea and vomiting
-Cool, moist, skin
- Dysuria
- Fever and chills

48
Q

Medical Management of Urinary Tract Calculi (First Approach- Acute Attacks)

A

-Opioid analgesics for renal colic
-Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Terazosin (Hytrin)
-Increase oral fluids

49
Q

Medical Management of Urinary Tract Calculi (Second Approach)

A

Identification of cause and prevention of further stone formation

-Increase oral fluids
-Dietary restrictions
- Pharmacotherapy

50
Q

For small stones inside the bladder

A

Cystocopy

51
Q

For large stones

A

Cystolitholapaxy

52
Q

A lithotrite breaks up stones

A

Cystolitholapaxy

53
Q

Bladder is then irrigated

A

Cystolitholapaxy

54
Q

is a procedure used to eliminate calculi from the urinary tract

A

Lithotripsy

55
Q

Used to fragment ureteral and large bladder stones

A

Laser Lithotripsy

56
Q

is inserted to gain access to stones

A

Ureteroscope

57
Q

Is used to break stone into small pieces

A

Holmium laser

58
Q

Uses high-energy shock waves to shatter kidney stones without damaging surrounding tissues

A

Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

59
Q

It produces high-energy acoustic shock waves

A

High voltage spark generator

60
Q

Stone is broken down into

A

Fine sand and excreted in urine

61
Q

An ultrasonic probe is placed in the renal pelvis via a percutaneous nephroscope inserted through a small incision in the flank and is then positioned against the stone

A

Percutaneous Ultrasonic Lithotripsy

62
Q

In percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy, the anesthesia given is

A

spinal/general anesthesia

63
Q

The probe is positioned directly on a stone, but it breaks the stone into small fragments that are removed by forceps or by suction

A

Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy

64
Q

A continuous saline irrigation flushes out the stone particles, and all the outflow drainage is strained so that the particles can be analyzed

A

Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy

65
Q

Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (post-op expectations)

A

(+) moderate to severe colicky pain
Bright red urine on first few urinations
Urine becomes dark red as bleeding subsides
Antibiotics will be ordered to prevent infection

66
Q

An incision into the kidney to remove a stone

A

Nephrolithotomy

67
Q

An incision into the renal pelvis for stone removal

A

Pyelolithotomy

68
Q

For stones located within the ureter

A

Ureterolithotomy

69
Q

Urinary Tract Calculi Dietary Therapy

A

-Encourage high fluid intake (approx. 3L/day)
-Water is preferred
- Colas, coffee, and tea increases risk of recurring urinary calculi and therefore should be limited
-Low-sodium diet
-High sodium intake increases calcium excretion in urine

70
Q

Urinary Tract Calculi Nursing Management

A

-Encourage fluid intake (consult with physician for volume)
- Facilitate mobility for patients on bed rest (to maximize urinary flow)
- Turn to sides every 2 hours
- Assist with dangling or standing
- Strain all urine to ensure that any spontaneously passed stones are retrieved
- Encourage ambulation to promote movement of the stone from the upper to the lower urinary tract

71
Q

are caused by pathogenic microorganisms in the urinary tract

A

Urinary Tract Infection

72
Q

Second most common infection in the body

A

Urinary Tract Infection

73
Q

Types of lower UTI

A

-Cystitis
-Prostatitis
- Urethritis

74
Q

Types of upper UTI

A

-Pyelonephritis
- Nephritis

75
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder

A

cystitis

76
Q

inflammation of the prostate gland

A

Prostatitis

77
Q

Inflammation of the urethra

A

Urethritis

78
Q

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

A

Pyelonephritis

79
Q

Inflammation of the kidney

A

Nephritis

80
Q

UTI classifications

A

Uncomplicated UTI
Complicated UTI

81
Q

A community-acquired infection , common in young women and not usually recurrent

A

Uncomplicated UTI

82
Q

Hospital-acquired (commonly related to catheterization); occur in a patient with urologic abnormalities, pregnancy, immunosuppression, diabetes, and obstructions; often recurrent

A

Complicated UTI

83
Q

Causative microorganisms of UTI

A

-Klebsiella
-E.coli (most common)
-Enterococcus
-Proteus
- Pseudomonas
- Staphylococcus

84
Q

Patients who have been previously treated with antibiotics

A

Enterococcus

85
Q

Clinical Manifestations (Lower UTI) “BURICAT”

A

B- Burning on urination
U- Urinary frequency and urgency
R- Red urine (Hematuria)
I- Incontinence
C- Confusion (older adults), Chills
A- Awaken at night to urinate (nocturia)
T- Temperature elevated

86
Q

Clinical Manifestation (Upper UTI)

A

-Same as lower UTI
-Flank pain
- Pain at costovertebral angle

87
Q

Nursing Management of UTI

A

-Encourage liberal amounts of WATER
- Avoid urinary tract irritants (coffee, tea, citrus, spices; colas, alcohol)
-Instruct to empty bladder completely (void every 2-3 hours)
-If patient is with indwelling catheter, use strict aseptic technique and maintain a closed system

88
Q

Patient education to prevent UTI

A

-Shower rather than bathe in the tub
- Wipe from front to back
- Increase oral fluid intake to avoid urinary tract irritants
- Urinate every 2-3 hours during the day, and completely empty the bladder
-Take medications exactly as prescribed
-Acidify urine with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 1 gram once daily for recurrent infections
-Notify physician if fever occurs or if with persistent s/sx
- Consult physician regular for follow-up

MS FINALS TOPICS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions