Kidney disease

Question 1

Main causes of kidney disease? 6

Answer 1

High blood press
Infection
Loss of blood pressure
Auto immune disease
Crushing injuries
Diabetes

Question 2

How does high bp cause kidney disease

Answer 2

Damage to glomerular capillaries, prevents ultrafiltration

Question 3

Auto immune disease

Answer 3

When the body makes antibodies against it’s own tissues

Question 4

What can cause loss of blood pressure 2

Answer 4

Dehydration
Blood loss

Question 5

Treatments for kidney disease 4

Answer 5

Low protein diet (reduce urea formation)
Drugs
Dialysis
Transplant

Question 6

How do calcium channel blockers treat kidney diseases?

Answer 6

Dialate blood vessels to reduce the pressure of the blood flowing through them

Question 7

How do beta blockers treat kidney disease?

Answer 7

Reduce affects of adrenalin (which increases heart rate and thus blood pressure)

Question 8

How do ACE inhibitors and ARBs react kidney disease

Answer 8

Reduce the affect of the hormone angiotensin which causes blood vessel constriction (so would increase blood pressure in vessels)

Question 9

What does ACE inhibitors stand for

Answer 9

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Question 10

What does ARBs stand for

Answer 10

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Question 11

Affect of kidney disease on conc of K+ and Ca2+

Answer 11

Increases the blood conc of both

Question 12

Treatment for hight blood potassium 3

Answer 12

Glucose, insulin
Intravenous calcium to stabilise heart muscle membranes

Question 13

Affect of increased blood calcium conc

Answer 13

High blood calcium conc increased risk of heart disease, kidney stones, osteoporosis
Deposition of Ca salts in tissues

Question 14

Affect of high blood potassium conc

Answer 14

High blood potassium conc
Caused heart arrhythmias (irregular heart beat)

Question 15

Treatment for high blood conc of calcium

Answer 15

Bisphosphates used to decrease the activity of cells that break down bone causing calcium to be released into the blood
Drugs cause calcium to accumulate in ones rather than blood

Question 16

Kidney transplant from live vs deceased donors

Answer 16

Live begins to work immediately, Dead may no so patient req dialysis initially
Live last longer

Question 17

High risk donors?

Answer 17

Ppl overr 50
with high blood pressure
with diabetes

Question 18

What are the criteria for a transplant to work

Answer 18

Donor and recipient must be ABO blood group compatible and a close tissue match in HLA

Question 19

HLA

Answer 19

Human Leucocyte Antigens

Question 20

Xenotransplantation

Answer 20

Animals e.g pigs could be genetically engineered so their cells do not carry the antigens that would be attacked by our immune system.
However there are ethical issues

Question 21

Where is blood taken from in haemodialysis

Answer 21

Vein in the arm

Question 22

By what mechanisms is rate of diffusion increased in haemodialysis 2

Answer 22

Counter current flow of blood and dialysis fluid within the machine
Fresh fluid so CONSTANTLY moving through machine and used fluid removed
Conc of solutes in dialysate and pore size of membranes can be adjusted

Question 23

To what type of blood vessel is the cleaned blood returned in haemodialysis

Answer 23

Vein

Question 24

Function of heparin

Answer 24

Added to blood to thin it and prevent clotting

Question 25

Describe the components and concentrations of dialysis fluid 4

Answer 25

Isotonic with blood Low ion conc No urea Normal blood glucose conc

Question 26

What does CAPD stand for

Answer 26

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Question 27

Peritoneum? 2

Answer 27

Layer of tissue lining the abdomen Has dense capillary network, acts as a dialysis membrane

Question 28

How does dialysis fluid meet the blood in CAPD

Answer 28

Catheter inserted into abdominal cavity, dialysis fluid is passed into cavity

Question 29

After how long is the dialysis fluid drained in CAPD and how

Answer 29

After 40mins Using gravity, fluid is collected in an empty bag

Question 30

How often must dialysis fluid be changed in CAPD

Answer 30

4 times daily

Question 31

Drawback of CAPD

Answer 31

Liquid retention occurs so patient must drink little K+ ions accumulate in blood so patient must avoid high potassium foods

Question 32

Comparable points between haemodialysis and CAPD 7

Answer 32

Time Mobility Req hospital visits? Cost of machinery Risk of fluctuations in blood vol and content Efficiency in removing excess salt and water Risk of infection

Question 33

How long must transplant patients take immunosurpressants for

Answer 33

Life long

Question 34

Risk of taking immunosuppressive drugs

Answer 34

Patients are more susceptible to infection, especially of the urinary tract (can damage kidney)

Question 35

Low dose antiviral can be used long term to prevent infection by..

Answer 35

..cytomegalovirus

Question 36

Risk of a high protein diet 3

Answer 36

Increased urea levels, converted to uric acid Crystallize》kidney stones which tear tissues

Question 37

Specific affects of kidney stones

Answer 37

Small proteins are able to be excreted by the kidneys into the filtrate leads to accumulation of tissue fluids in tissues bc of shift in osmotic pressures

Question 38

Affect of high glomerular pressure 3

Answer 38

Damage to glomeruli Excessive filtration Loss of nutrients / cells+ plasma proteins in urine

Question 39

osteoporosis

Answer 39

Brittle bone disease

Question 40

structure of dialysis machine

Answer 40

System of dialysis tubing bathed in dialysis fluid

Question 41

Why does high blood Ca conc cause osteoporosis

Answer 41

Ca is in the blood rather than bones causing brittle bones

Question 42

Sensitized?

Answer 42

Someone who has already had a transplant. More likely to produce antibodies against antigens on donor organ

Question 43

What is the only solution for inherited conditions causing kidney disease

Answer 43

Transplant

Question 44

2 Categoiries of kidney failure

Answer 44

Acute or Chronic