Kidney

Question 1

how much of the cardiac output does does the kidney have

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

How much of the plasma is filtered by the kidney

Answer 2

only 125ml

Question 3

What is pilyuria vs oligouria

Answer 3

polyuria- Excessive urine formation

Oligouria- less than normal urine formation

Question 4

What is the waterconc as it moves thru the tubules

Answer 4

at start the solution is hypotonic (low conc of solutes) , as it moves to end of tubules it becomes hypertonic (high conc of sulutes due to low water conc)

Question 5

How is drug reabsorbtion in the distal tubule

Answer 5

The solution will be hypertonic so the solute will want to move back into the blood

Question 6

What does glomerular filtration rate estimate

Answer 6

how much blood (plasma) passes thru the glomeruli each minute

Question 7

What is the formuloli for GFR (renal clearence)

Answer 7

(conc of insulin * volume of urine collected)/ Plasma conc

Question 8

What is the new method to estimate GFR and what indicates acute kidney injury

Answer 8

Creatinine clearence test

-<60ml/min indicates acute kidney injury

Question 9

What can be used to measure renal plasma flow and why

Answer 9

Para aminohippuric acid as it almost completely removed from plasma in signal pass

Question 10

Rate of elimination in the urine is the net result of what 3 processes

Answer 10

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 11

Only what form of drug can move thru the glomerulus

Answer 11

Only free form

Question 12

Acidifying or alkalinizing the urine promotes what types of drug excretion

Answer 12

Acidifying- promotes excretion of chemically basic drugs (will turn ionized and not be able to go back in blood)

Alkalinizing- promotes excretion of chemically acidic drugs

Question 13

what was used to block the secretion of penicillin + negative effect

Answer 13

Probenecid

• also blocked uric acid absorbtion thoughh

Question 14

What does lead in the kidneys lead to (acute + chronic)

Answer 14

acute exposure- Reverse tubular dysfunction

chronic- Tubular cell atrophy in prox tubule

(also impaired mitochondira oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 15

What does mercury in kidneys lead to

Answer 15

Elemental murcury selectively accumulates in the kidney and binds to cellular components such as enzymes/ pros containing sulfhydryl groups which leads to cellular death

Question 16

What does cadmium in kidneys lead to

Answer 16

When cadmium complex is reabsorbed into the prox tubule cadmium is released causing cell damage by binding to sulfhydryl containing pros

Question 17

What will happen in tubular injury

Answer 17

Reabsorbion of low molecular weight pros is reduced indicating injury to prox tubule

Question 18

What will happen in the case of glomerular injury

Answer 18

Both low and high molecular protiens may get endocytosed

Question 19

What will hapen in severe case of glomerular injury

Answer 19

low and high molecular weight pros in blood will signal glomerular injury