Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

how many nephrons do humans have

A

500 thousand to 1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the nephron

A

afferent arteriole, (glomerulus/bowmans capsule) efferent arterole, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which are the specialised cells and where are they

A

podocytes - specialised epithelial cells - between the basement membrane the the urinary space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

glomerular filtration barrier

A

blood - fenestrated endothelium - basement membrane - podocytes - urinary space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of permeability - and what passes

A

selective permeability - H2O, electrolytes pass

Not proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why don’t proteins pass through the membrane?

A

they are negatively charged, and so is the basal membrane - proteins are maintained on the blood side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the primary urine

A

pressure coming to of the bowman capsule - efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

loop of hence permeability

A

defending - v permeable to water
ascending (thick limb) no permeable to water but permeable to salts (sodium, potassium and 2 chloride ions) - 90% sodium is reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is water reabsorbed in DCT?

A

through aquaproins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is th concentration gradient important for?

A

urea recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

approximately how much Na is filtered each day?

A

25 000 mEq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

approximately how much H2O is filtered each day?

A

180 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how much Na is excreted each day?

A

150 mEq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how much H2O is excreted each day?

A

1.5 litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what % of the sodium and water is reabsorbed?

A

more than 99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why would you filter and reabsorb that much?

A

to remove wate and toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 5 groups of diuretics?

A
  • osmotic
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • loop
  • thiazides
  • potassium sparing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what % of the top 200 drugs in the US are diuretics?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are diuretics?

A

drugs that increase urine output by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when would you use diuretics

A

oedema of any origin, congestive heart failure, hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when would you use diuretics

A

oedema of any origin, congestive heart failure, hypertension

22
Q

how do most diuretics work?

A

inhibit reabsorbtion of sodium at different levels of the renal tubular system

more sodium excreted, more water excreted

23
Q

what is a synergistic effect

A

when a combination of therapies are used

24
Q

where do osmotic diuretics act?

A

on the first part of the glomerulus

25
Q

glomerular capillary permeability

A

high permeability to water and electrolytes

26
Q

what % of plasma is filtered into Bowman space and PCT

A

20%

27
Q

which pump is the first part os the PCT/glomerulus

A

H+/Na exchange - Na out (reabsorbed) and H in

28
Q

an example of an osmotic diuretic

A

mannitol

29
Q

what pharmacological value does mannitol have

A

pharmacologically inert

doesn’t bind to a receptor and doesnt interfere with any channel

30
Q

how does mannitol work?

A
  • increases plasma osmolarity
  • filtered at glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed
  • increases osmotic pressure in glomerular filtrate
  • decreases H2O reabsorption from nephron
  • stays in the tubule - water moves into tubule and is excreted
31
Q

why can’t salt or glucose be used as osmotic diuretics?

A

they are osmotic substances that are reabsorbed and taken up into cells - we don’t want the diuretic to be reabsorbed

32
Q

why would you give mannitol with a slow infusion?

A

too fast you will drag water from inside the cells – bad - dehydrate the own cells suffer even more

33
Q

what os glaucoma and which diuretic would you use?

A

accumulation of liquid in the eye

mannitol

34
Q

where does mannitol enter and where does it draw liquid from?

A

does not enter the brain or eye - draws liquid from tissues

35
Q

what would you use mannitol for?

A

forced diuresis e.g. in poisonings
acute glaucoma
cerebral oedema

36
Q

how would you administer mannitol

A

slow IV. Infusion of 5 – 20% solution

37
Q

what is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

sodium, water and bicarbonate

38
Q

what % of sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

65-70%

2/3

39
Q

what does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

catalyses the dissociation reaction

H2CO3 –> CO2 + H2O

40
Q

formula for carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

41
Q

which exchanger is used between PCT and epithelial cells

A

Exchanger for sodium and hydrogen

Exhange hydrogen ion – sodium into the blood – atpase

42
Q

what happens if you inhibit the carbonic anhydrase?

A

don’t form the hydrogen ion – sodium doesn’t have anything to exchange with – doesn’t get into the cell so then doesn’t get into the blood – sodium and the water stay in the tubule - excretion

43
Q

where does carbonate come from and where does it diffuse into?

A

comes from the dissociation of NaHCO3 or H2O +CO2 joining - diffuses into the blood

44
Q

what is crucial about Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics?

A

the H+ isn’t forms anymore

45
Q

why would carbonic anhydrase be slightly redundant?

A

So many mechanisms to regulate hydrogen ions – that the H ions still apear in the cell – so is redundant

46
Q

what sort of drug is Acetazolamide?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

47
Q

what effect would Acetazolamide have on the urine? why?

A

cause mildly alkaline urine - increase excretion of HCO3-

48
Q

What does Acetazolamide do?

A

Suppresses H+ production and thus reduce Na+-H+ exchange
– less Na+ reabsorption

Increases excretion of HCO3- (accompanied by Na+, K+ and H2O)
– causes mildly alkaline urine
– metabolic acidosis

Effect is self-limiting

49
Q

what are the uses for Acetazolamide?

A

Glaucoma
– inhibits CA in eyes to reduce the formation of aqueous
humour
- Adjunct therapy in metabolic alkalosis (inc. excretion of bicarbonate (acidosis))

Prophylaxis (treatment) of altitude sickness

50
Q

what are the adverse effects of Acetazolamide?

A

Dizziness and light headache
Blurred vision
Loss of appetite and stomach upset

51
Q

why do you get altitude sickness?

A

Less oxygen, saturation blood oxygen needs to be constant, hyperventelate, eliminate too much co2, metabolic alkilosis - hangover sensation

52
Q

how does acetazolamide help altitude sickness?

A

increases the excretion of bicarbonate

Pharmacology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions