Kidney

Question 1

Necrosis and death of tubular cell, generally due to a lack of oxygen or exposure to toxins. Potentially Reversible if stimulus removed in time.

Answer 1

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Question 2

An abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material

Answer 2

Cyst

Question 3

excision of a cyst; excision or resection of the bladder.

Answer 3

Cystectomy

Question 4

inflammation of the glomeruli; usually caused by an immune-mediated response to glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) or deposition of circulating immune complexes in the kidney.

Answer 4

glomerulonephritis

Question 5

a renal disease characterized by pathological changes in the glomeruli. Primary glomerulopathies are diseases which affect the glomerulus primarily or exclusively. Secondary glomerulopathies are diseases which affect multiple organs, including the kidney.

Answer 5

glomerulopathy

Question 6

a small tuft or cluster; often used alone to designate one of the renal glomeruli (pl).

Answer 6

glomerulus

Question 7

the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine.

Answer 7

hematuria

Question 8

a term used to describe dilation of the renal pelvis usually as a result of chronic obstruction, with associated blunting of the renal papillae.

Answer 8

hydronephrosis

Question 9

dilation of the ureter

Answer 9

hydroureter

Question 10

hard precipitates of insoluble minerals such as calcium, magnesium and uric acid which can crystallize into stones at any point along the urinary tract, but most often in the kidney itself.

Answer 10

kidney stones

Question 11

the structural and functional unit of the kidney (consisting of the renal glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules and nephronic loop or loop of Henle).

Answer 11

nephron

Question 12

hereditary disease which results in the formation of numerous cysts in both kidneys. e.g. autosomal dominant form in the adult with enlarged kidneys and numerous cysts; autosomal recessive form in infants and children (rare) with enlarged kidneys and in contrast to the adult disease, the external surface of the kidney is smooth, usually find associated liver changes (fibrosis).

Answer 12

polycystic kidney disease

Question 13

a malignant neoplasm of the renal tubular or ductal epithelial cells; the most common cancer of the kidney (90%).

Answer 13

renal cell carcinoma

Question 14

the bladder, ureters, and pelvis are all lined by transitional epithelium, therefore, the most common type of cancer in the urinary tract is the transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). TCC is most common in the bladder, but can occur in the renal pelvis or ureters as well. Usually broken down into two types - low grade (papillary, superficial and slow growing) and high grade (deeply invasive, aggressive, metastases).

Answer 14

transitional cell carcinoma