KIDNEY

Question 1

What is the main structure of the kidneys?

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 2

What is the role of the ureters?

Answer 2

transports urine from the kidney to the bladder

Question 3

What is the role of the urinary bladder?

Answer 3

temporary storage unit for urine

Question 4

What is the role of the urethra?

Answer 4

transports urine out of the body

Question 5

What is the two step process of the nephron?

Answer 5

• glomerular filtration
• tubular reabsorption

Question 6

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

Answer 6

measures how well the kidneys are filtering waste and indicates any present kidney problems

Question 7

How is GFR measured?

Answer 7

• creatinine
  -inulin
  -single shot technique

Question 8

What are the main functions of the kidney?

Answer 8

• blood filtration - electrolyte balance
• acid base balance - blood pressure
• detoxification

Question 9

What is the normal GFR?

Answer 9

90-120 ml/min

Question 10

What is pre renal dysfunction?

Answer 10

the reduction of blood flow to kidneys leading to a decreased GFR

Question 11

What causes pre renal dysfunction?

Answer 11

hypovolemia and cardiac problems

Question 12

What is intra renal dysfunction?

Answer 12

direct damage to the nephron

Question 13

What causes intra renal dysfunction?

Answer 13

tubular or glomerular disorders

Question 14

What is post renal dysfunction?

Answer 14

obstruction in the urinary tract leading to kidney damage

Question 15

What causes post renal dysfunction?

Answer 15

kidney stones, blood clots, bladder tumours

Question 16

What is acute renal failure?

Answer 16

sudden decline in tubular or glomerular function, impeding kidney function

Question 17

What are the symptoms of acute renal failure?

Answer 17

• decreased urine output
• nausea
• swelling in legs
• fatigue

Question 18

What results indicate ARF?

Answer 18

• increased creatinine
• blood urea nitrogen
• decreased urine ouput
• decreased GFR

Question 19

What is the treatment for ARF?

Answer 19

• fluid management for dehydration
  -medications - NSAIDS
• surgery - kidney stones

Question 20

What is chronic kidney disease?

Answer 20

progressive condition due to loss of kidney function and tubules lose ability to reabsorb water

Question 21

What causes CKD?

Answer 21

• diabetes - hypertension
• recurrent kidney infections
• urinary tract obstructions

Question 22

What are the symptoms of CKD?

Answer 22

• hyper/hypovolemia
• hypertension
• nausea
• nocturia

Question 23

What are the biomarkers for ARF?

Answer 23

• neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocain
  -IL-18
• Kidney injury molecule

Question 24

What does the glomerulus do?

Answer 24

filters blood and waste

Question 25

What does the tubule do?

Answer 25

returns needed substances into the blood

Question 26

What controls GFR?

Answer 26

- renal auto regulation -hormonal regulation - SNS -blood pressure

Question 27

What happens when GFR is too high?

Answer 27

needed substances cannot be reabsorbed