DIABETES Flashcards
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria, poyldipsia, polyphagia
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune disease, insufficient insulin secretion from beta cells
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Results from insulin resistance or impaired insulin production
What is hyperglycaemia?
Elevated blood glucose levels
What increases blood sugar levels?
Glucagon
What decreases blood sugar levels?
Insulin
When does glucagon levels rise?
During post absorptive state
What are the main tissues involved in glucose metabolism?
Liver, adipose tissue, striated muscle and the brain
Where is glucose made and stored?
Liver
What happens when glucose levels are low?
The liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose
What are the main glucose transporters?
GLU 2 and GLUT 4
What is the role of GLUT 4?
Controls glucose transport into fat and muscle tissues in response to insulin and exercise
What is the role of GLUT 2?
Allows movement of glucose and controls glucose uptake in hepatocytes
What lymphocytes are present in T1 diabetes?
auto reactive B and T cells
What is a diagnostic marker for T1 diabetes?
Autoantibodies
What causes the destruction of beta cells in T1 diabetes?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What causes T2 diabetes?
Glucose intolerance or insulin deficiency
What does insulin resistance in T2 diabetes promote?
Hyperinsulinemia ( too much insulin in blood)
What causes imprisoned insulin secretions in T2 diabetes?
Defective signalling in beta cells
What fasting level indicates diabetes?
7mmol/L or higher
What fasting level indicates pre diabetes?
6.1-6.9mmol/L
What type of cell causes destruction of beta cells?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What happens to excess glucose?
Stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
How is insulin secretion controlled?
Via a negative feedback loop of blood glucose and pancreatic b cells
