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Abdomen Ultrasound > Kidney > Flashcards

Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

In what region are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal

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2
Q

Gerota’s Fascia

A

Fibrous sheath surrounding kidneys, perinephric fat, & adrenals

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3
Q

Renal hilum

A

“Door of the kidney;” where renal artery, vein, lymphatic vessels, & ureter enter the kidney

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4
Q

Normal size of renal cortex

A

> 1.5 cm

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5
Q

Cortex

A

Darker area of kidney

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6
Q

Medulla

A

Contains the renal pyramids

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7
Q

Columns of Bertin

A

Area of cortex between renal pyramids

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8
Q

Avg. size of kidney

A

10-12 cm

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9
Q

Which renal vein is longer?

A

Left renal vein is longer since IVC is on the right side of body

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10
Q

Which renal artery is longer? Why?

A

Right renal artery is longer since aorta is on the left side of body

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11
Q

Flow towards kidney

A

Aorta → Renal artery → Interlobular Arteries → Arcuate Arteries → Interlobular Arteries → Glomerulus

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12
Q

Flow from Kidney

A

Efferent Arterioles → Peritubular Capillaries → Interlobar Veins → Arcuate Veins → Interlobar Veins → Renal Vein → IVC

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13
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A
  1. Dispose of waste through urine
  2. Main blood pressure through fluid regulation
  3. Regulate acid/base/electrolytes
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14
Q

2 Hormones of renal function

A

Aldosterone & ADH

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15
Q

Hypertrophied Column of Bertin

A

Variant, larger than normal cortical tissue

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16
Q

Dromedary Hump

A

Variant, bulge in capsule of left kidney due to compression by spleen

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17
Q

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

A

Absence of both kidneys, fatal

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18
Q

Unilateral Renal Agenesis

A

Absence of one kidney

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19
Q

Supernumery Kidney

A

Variant, duplicated kidney

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20
Q

Pelvic Kidney

A

Variant due to failure of kidney to ascend

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21
Q

What is the most common ectopic kidney?

A

Pelvic Kidney

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22
Q

Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia

A

Both kidneys on the same side & fused

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23
Q

Thoracic Kidney

A

Kidney in thorax due to diaphragmatic hernia in utero

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24
Q

Horseshoe Kidney

A

Fusion of kidneys at lower poles

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25
Q

What is the most common fusion of kidneys?

A

Horseshoe kidney

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26
Q

Cake/lump kidney

A

Fusion of kidney in medial surface

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27
Q

Sigmoid Kidney

A

Upper pole of one kidney fused to lower pole of other

28
Q

Unilateral Hypoplasia

A

aka Compensatory Hyperplasia; one small kidney & a larger kidney to compensate

29
Q

Persistant Fetal Lobulation

A

Lobulation in contour after 5 years of age

30
Q

Double Collecting System

A

Variant, 2 collecting systems from 1 kidney

31
Q

Most common anomaly of the urinary tract

A

Double collecting system

32
Q

Parapelvic Cyst

A

Located in the sinus hilum region

33
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized blood collection

34
Q

Abscess

A

Caused by infection

35
Q

Ultrasound appearance of Abcess

A

Poorly defined, thick walls, acoustic shadowing

36
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of kidney substance & pelvis; due to bacteria/infection in urinary tract

37
Q

Acute Lobar Nephronia

A

Focal bacteria nephritis, affects renal lobes

38
Q

Ultrasound Appearance of Acute Lobar Nephronia

A

Decreased echogenicity in single area, wedge shaped, no abscess

39
Q

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease

A

Bilateral enlargement of kidney with many cysts, hyperechoic. Cysts may be present in liver, pancreas, and spleen

40
Q

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Disease

A

Infantile; detected in utero w/ oligohydramnios. Associated w/ renal dysfunction & lung hypoplasia

41
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Decreased amount of amniotic fluid during pregnancy due to the baby not urinating

42
Q

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

A

Unilateral, cysts do not communicate. Caused by unilateral obstruction in early development

43
Q

Most common cause of abdominal mass in newborn

A

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

44
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Obstruction of urine outflow, causing dilation of the renal pelvis.
Bilateral or unilateral

45
Q

Non-Obstructive cause of Hydronephrosis

A

Vesicouretal Reflux

46
Q

Obstructive Cause of Hydronephrosis

A

Nephrolithiasis, carcinoma, BPH (enlargement of prostate) pregnancy, congenital, etc

47
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Formation of kidney stones, can form at any level. Consist of calcium oxalate and/or phosphate

48
Q

How to differentiate between kidney stones and calcified arteries?

A

Arteries will not have posterior shadowing

49
Q

Medullary distinction

A

Lost in chronic renal failure

50
Q

Angiomyolipoma

A

Benign mass composed of blood, muscles, and fat

51
Q

Where do angiomyolipomas occurs??

A

Unilaterally, solitary, in females 40-60

52
Q

Mass associated w Tuberous Sclerosis

A

Angiomyolipma

53
Q

Ultrasound Appearance of Angiomyolipoma

A

Homogenous, well defined, hyperechoic

54
Q

Renal Adenoma

A

Benign mass found in renal cortex

55
Q

Ultrasound Appearance of Renal Adenoma

A

Hypoechoic/isoechoic, well circumscribed, < 3cm

56
Q

Oncocytoma

A

Uncommon benign mass, often found in adult males. Pose a risk for hemorrage and scarring

57
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma aka

A

Hypernephroma, Von Grawitz Tumor, Renal Adenocarcinoma

58
Q

Most common adult renal malignancy

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

59
Q

Ultrasound appearance of Hypernephroma

A

Variable, irregula, hypoechoic, calcification

60
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Renal Adenocarcinoma

A

Flank pain, weight loss, hematuria, fever

61
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma uni/bi

A

Unilateral

62
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

Malignancy in the transitional cells of the urinary tract

63
Q

Occurence of transitional cell carcinoma

A

Occurs in kidney, pelvis, ureter, bladder & 60+ males

64
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma may result in

A

Hematuria & hydronephrosis

65
Q

Ultrasound Appearance of Transitional Cell Carcinoma in bladder

A

Non-mobile focal masses in bladder lumen

66
Q

Location of transplanted kidney

A

In an inverted position & in iliac fossa to connect to iliac artery

67
Q

Role of Ultrasound in Transplant

A

Patients who present w azotemia, hydronephrosis, peri-renal fluid collections, vascular complications

Abdomen Ultrasound (4 decks)

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