Kidney

Question 1

What are the two general functions of the Kidneys

Answer 1

Regulatory function

Hormonal function

Question 2

What are the 3 things kidneys regulate

Answer 2

Body volume fluid
Elimination of waste production
Electrolyte and acid base balance

Question 3

what are the processes of regulation function

Answer 3

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

Question 4

what can and cannot pass through the glomerular capillary walls ?

Answer 4

Small molecules and water can pass through

• electrolytes
• creatine
• urea
• nitrogen
• glucose

Large particles that cannot and stay in blood

• RBC’s
• albumin

Question 5

What is an unusual finding in urine?

Answer 5

Albumin
RBC
Glucose
Protein

Question 6

Describe the process of glomerular filtration

Answer 6

Blood flows through renal artery —-> afferent arteriole —-> Glomerular
small molecules and water are filters across membrane–> renal tubule
This becomes the filtrate
Filtered by renal tubules and removed from body
Remaining blood leaves the glomerulus via efferent tubules and returns to blood stream

Question 7

What is the glomerular filtration rate/

Answer 7

An estimate of the filtering capacity of the kidneys

Question 8

Normal GFR?

Answer 8

120 ml/ minute

Which means 120ml of blood is filtered every minute

Question 9

What is the relationship between increased or decreased GFR

Answer 9

The more blood that passes through the kidneys to be filtered= increased urine production = increased GFR rate
A decrease in the amount of blood being filtered = decreased urine production = decreased GFR rate

Question 10

What conditions increase GFR

Answer 10

Drinking more fluids, IV hydration

These increase blood volume

Question 11

Examples of conditions that will decrease GFR

Answer 11

Dehydration= less fluid, decrease in blood volume
Decreased cardiac output
Severe hypotension SBP 70>
Renal failure- inability to filter correctly

Question 12

What percentage of functioning nephrons require consideration for renal replacement

Answer 12

Less than 20%

Question 13

Why is the right kidney slightly lower than left?

Answer 13

Allows room for liver

Remember cirrhosis- will put pressure on other organs as it increased in size

Question 14

Briefly describe the process of tubular reabsorption

Answer 14

99% of water and most electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the blood stream by the proximal convoluted tubule
about 1% of water and elect are excreted in urine
this allows normal urine output of 1-3 liters/day

Question 15

Why does reabsorption happen?

Answer 15

This allows the body to prevent dehydration and excessive electrolyte loss
Creates about 1-3 liters of urine/day (1000-3000 ml)

Question 16

What is the minimal output of urine/ hour

Answer 16

30ml/ hour

Question 17

What is tubular secreation?

Answer 17

Certain substances; hydrogen and excess potassium- use active transport to move out of blood stream and into renal tubules to be excreted
NOT passive filtration

This helps regulate acid-base balance and potassium levels!
Too much K= excrete
Too little base= withhold hydrogen to balance acid base

Question 18

What hormones are produced by the kidney

Answer 18

Renin

Erythropoietin

Question 19

What other vitamin does the kidney have a role with

Answer 19

Converts vit D to active form that can be used by the body

Question 20

What roll do the kidneys play in acid base balance?

Answer 20

They regulate acid base balance by excreting excessive hydrogen/retaining hydrogen ions
SLOW PROCESS

Question 21

Why is kidney acid base balance slow?

Answer 21

d/t excretion of hydrogen ions in urine
Or retention of ions
For hydrogen ions to be excreted requires active transport which requires cellular energy

Question 22

How do kidneys regulate BP?

Answer 22

Through the release of renin

Renin stimulates the production of angiotensin which increased aldosterone to increase BP and BV