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Geography A-Level > Keywords - Rivers > Flashcards

Keywords - Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Precipitation

A

Rain, hail, sleet or slow which falls into the drainage basin

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2
Q

Surface Store

A

A place on the surface where water is stored. (e.g Lakes)

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3
Q

Interception

A

The prevention of water from reaching the soil by vegetation

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4
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water through a plant

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5
Q

Infiltration

A

The downward movement of water into the soil surface

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6
Q

Evaporation

A

The transformation of water droplets into water vapour

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7
Q

Overland Flow

A

The movement of water over the surface when the precipitation is too intense for the soil to absorb or the grounded is frozen or already saturated.

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8
Q

(un) Saturated Rock

A

Rock that is (not) full of water and cannot hold more

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9
Q

Percolation

A

The downward movement of water into the bed-rock

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10
Q

River Channel

A

The channel in which the river flows.

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11
Q

Groundwater Flow

A

The sideways movement of water through the rock layer.

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12
Q

Groundwater Store

A

The storage water in underground, permeable rock.

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13
Q

Water Table

A

The divider between the unsaturated and saturated rock.

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14
Q

Pipe Flow

A

A form of throughflow through natural pipes in the soil (such as worm holes)

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15
Q

Throughfall

A

When water drips of leaves (leaf drip) after interception

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16
Q

Stomata

A

Tiny pore spaces on leaves through which transpiration takes place

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17
Q

Channel Flow Output

A

Water leaving the system through the river channel.

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18
Q

Water Surplus

A

In the winter months there is more water than is being used, resulting in excess water in the ground.

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19
Q

Utilisation

A

When evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall in the summer months and water is being used up.

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20
Q

Soil Moisture Recharge

A

After the summer months, rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration and the ground is filled back up with water.

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21
Q

Field Capacity

A

The maxiumum amount of water the soil can hold.

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22
Q

Abrasion

A

Scraping and scouring of rocks against the river bed which cause erosion.

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23
Q

Hydraulic Action

A

The sheer power of the water removes loose material and erodes the river channel.

24
Q

Corrosion

A

Rocks such as Limestone are eroded by the acidity of the water.

25
Q

Attrition

A

When rocks strike one another and become smoother, smaller and more rounded

26
Q

Traction

A

When rocks are moved along the river bed by rolling along.

27
Q

Saltation

A

When smaller particles in the river bounce along the riverbed.

28
Q

Suspension

A

When fine particles are held in the river and are moved by the flow of the water.

29
Q

Solution

A

When particles are dissolved in the water and are moved by the flow of the water.

30
Q

Competence

A

The diameter of the largest particle a river can carry for a given velocity. Increases to the sixth power of its velocity.

31
Q

Capacity

A

The amount of material a river can carry (the total volume of the load). Increases to the third power of its velocity.

32
Q

Lateral Erosion

A

Erosion that takes place sidewards in the middle and lower courses.

33
Q

Vertical Erosion

A

Erosion that is directly downwards and occurs in the upper course. The river is attempting to cut vertically down to its base level.

34
Q

Hjulstrom Curve

A

A curve which shows the relationship between the size of a particle and the energy needed to pick it up, transport it, erode it or deposit it

35
Q

Entrainment Velocity

A

The velocity of the water needed to pick up a particle of a certain size. Boulders require a large velocity as do the smallest clays. Sand requires the lowest velocity.

36
Q

Graded Profile

A

The idealised long profile which a river is trying to attain. It is a concave shape.

37
Q

Wetted Perimeter

A

The amount of water that is in contact with the bed and banks of a river.

38
Q

Hydraulic Radius

A

A measure of the efficiency of a river

39
Q

Laminar Flow

A

Horizontal flow that would travel over sediment without disturbing it

40
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

Consists of erratic eddies in a vertical and horizontal direction

41
Q

Eddies

A

Currents moving in the opposite direction to river flow.

42
Q

Cuspate Deltas

A

Deltas shaped like a tooth formed by gentle, opposing currents

43
Q

Arcuate Deltas

A

Curving shoreline. Most common shape.

44
Q

Birds foot Deltas

A

Shaped like a birds food. Spread out over a wide area with many distributaries extending out into the sea.

45
Q

Hard Engineering

A

Controlling a river by using man-made structures

46
Q

Straightening the Channel

A

Shortening the river course by removing meanders to move floodwater away quicker.

47
Q

Building Levees

A

Reduces flood risk by raising the level of the river banks. Causes problems downstream

48
Q

Concrete Spillways

A

Constructed to redirect excess water upstream via an alternate route to reenter the river futher downstream

49
Q

Dams

A

Control water flowing in a river

50
Q

Soft Engineering

A

Controlling a river without building or using man-made structures

51
Q

Forecasts

A

Using weather forecasts and flood prediction software to predict floods

52
Q

Land Use Management - Zoning

A

Allowing areas of floodpain to flood naturally

53
Q

Land Use Management - Contour Ploughing

A

Reducing surface run off by ploughing fields with the contours.

54
Q

Land Use Management - Afforestation

A

Planting new trees to increase interceptions and evapotranspiration

55
Q

Wetland and Riverbank Conservation

A

Protecting existing river channels and their valleys so habitat and species diversity is maintained

56
Q

River Resoration

A

Returns the rivers to their state before managing.

Geography A-Level (2 decks)

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