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Chemistry Paper 2 > Keywords > Flashcards

Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid

A

When dissolved in water has pH of less than 7

Proton (H+) donors

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2
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place

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3
Q

Alkali

A

Solution that has a pH of more than 7

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4
Q

Alkane

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Alkene

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Carbon-carbon double bond

CnH2n

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6
Q

Alloy

A

Mixture of 2 or more elements

At least 1 is metal

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7
Q

Anhydrous

A

Substance that doesn’t contain water

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8
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Mixture made by adding soluble substance to water

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9
Q

Atmosphere

A

Relatively thin layer of gases surrounding earth

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10
Q

Base

A

Oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of a metal that reacts with an acid

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11
Q

Biodegradable

A

Materials that can be broken down by microorganisms

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12
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuel made from animal or plant products

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13
Q

Carbon footprint

A

Total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over full life cycle f a product, service or event

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14
Q

Carbon steel

A

Alloy of iron containing controlled, small amounts of carbon

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15
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by providing a different pathway for the reaction that has a lower activation energy

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16
Q

Catalytic converter

A

Fitted to exhausts of vehicles to reduce pollutants released

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17
Q

Ceramics

A

Materials made by heating clay or other compounds, to Hugh temperatures to make hard, but often brittle materials

Excellent electrical insulators

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18
Q

Chromatography

A

Process whereby small amounts of dissolved substances are separated running a solvent along a material such as absorbent paper

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19
Q

Climate change

A

Change in global weather patterns that could be caused by excess levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

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20
Q

Closed System

A

System in which no matter enters or leaves

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21
Q

Collision theory

A

Explanation of chemical reactions in terms of reacting particles colliding with sufficient energy for a reaction to take place

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22
Q

Composites

A

Materials made of 2 or more different materials

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23
Q

Compound

A

Substance made when 2 or more elements are chemically bonded together

24
Q

Cracking

A

Reaction used in oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ores

25
Q

Distillation

A

Separation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation followed by condensation

26
Q

DNA

A

Large organic molecule that encodes genetic instructions for development and function of living organisms and viruses

27
Q

Endothermic

A

Reaction that takes energy from surroundings

28
Q

Equilibrium

A

Point in a reversible reaction at which forward and backward rate of reaction are the same

Amounts of substances present in reacting mixture remain constant

29
Q

Exothermic

A

Reaction that transfers energy to surroundings

30
Q

Fermentation

A

Reaction in which enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide

31
Q

Formulation

A

Mixture that has been designed as a useful product

32
Q

Fraction

A

Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil

33
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off substances at different temperatures

Condensing and collecting liquids

34
Q

Flame emission spectroscopy

A

Method of instrumental analysis in which light given off when a sample is placed in a flame produces characteristic line spectra to identify and measure concentration of metal ions in sample

35
Q

Galvanised

A

Iron or steel objects that have been protected from rusting by a thin layer of zinc metal at their surface

36
Q

Hydrated

A

Describes substance that contains water in its crystals

37
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

38
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product

39
Q

Inert

A

Unreactive

40
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

Total mass of products formed in a reaction is equal total mass of reactants

41
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

When a change in condition is introduced to a system at equilibrium, the position of equilibrium shifts so as to cancel out the change

42
Q

Ore

A

Rock which contains enough metal to make it economically worthwhile to extract the metal

43
Q

Oxidation

A

Reaction where oxygen is added to a substance

OR

When electrons are lost

44
Q

Oxidised

A

Reaction where oxygen is added to a substance

OR

When electrons are lost from a substance

45
Q

Particulate

A

Small solid particle given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of its fuel

46
Q

Percentage yield

A

Actual mass of product collected in a reaction divided by maximum mass that could have been formed in theory multiplied by 100

47
Q

Precipitate

A

Insoluble solid formed by a reaction taking place in solution

48
Q

Recycle

A

Process in which waste materials are processed to be used again

49
Q

Respiration

A

Process by which food molecules are broken down to release energy for the cells

50
Q

Reversible reaction

A

Reaction in which products can re-form from the reactants

51
Q

Rusting

A

Corrosion of iron

52
Q

Sacrificial protection

A

Effective way to prevent rusting whereby a metal more reactive than iron is attached to or coated on an object

53
Q

Stainless steel

A

Chromium-nickel alloy of steel which does not rust

54
Q

Thermal decomposition

A

Breakdown of a compound by heating it

55
Q

Thermosetting polymer

A

Polymer that can form extensive cross-linking between chains, resulting in rigid materials which are heat-resistant

56
Q

Thermosoftening polymer

A

Polymer that forms plastics which can be softened by heating, then remoulded into different shapes as they cool down and set

57
Q

Weak acids

A

Acids that do not ionise completely in aqueous solutions

Chemistry Paper 2 (13 decks)

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