Keywords

Question 1

Epigenetic effects

Question 2

Candidate genes

Question 3

Inference

Answer 3

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour

Question 4

Paradigm

Question 5

Introspection

Question 6

Behaviourist approach

Answer 6

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

Learning by association. Occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an UCS and a NS. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response as the UCS

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment

Question 9

Reinforement

Answer 9

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Can be positive or negative

Question 10

Positive reinforcement

Question 11

Negative reinforcement

Question 12

Punishment

Question 13

Social learning theory

Answer 13

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors

Question 14

Imitation

Answer 14

Copying the behaviour of others

Question 15

Identification

Answer 15

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model

Question 16

Modelling

Answer 16

From the observer’s perspective, modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. From the role model’s perspective, modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by an observer

Question 17

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 17

Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour. This is a key factor in imitation

Question 18

Mediational processes

Answer 18

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

Question 19

Cognitive approach

Answer 19

This approach is focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour

Question 20

Cognitive

Answer 20

Mental processes

Question 21

Internal mental processes

Answer 21

‘Private’ operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response

Question 22

Schema

Answer 22

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed through experience

Question 23

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 24

Biological approach

Question 25

Genes

Question 26

Biological structure

Question 27

Neurochemistry

Question 28

Genotype

Question 29

Phenotype

Question 30

Evolution

Question 31

Psychodynamic approach

Question 32

The unconscious

Question 33

Id

Question 34

Ego

Question 35

Superego

Question 36

Defence mechanisms

Question 37

Psychosexual stages

Question 38

Humanistic approach

Question 39

Free will

Question 40

Self-actualisation

Question 41

Hierarchy of needs

Question 42

Self

Question 43

Congruence

Question 44

Conditions of worth