Keystone & Writing Assignment #2 Flashcards
What is the most important factor in controlling soil erosion and keeping forest roads in serviceable condition?
Propper vegetation.
Small amount of highly erodible silt.
6” of asphalt black top.
Adequate drainage.
Adequate drainage.
Crowned roads …
Are designed to quickly drain road surfaces from the center of the road to the side ditches.
Are not traffickable with typical logging equipment.
Are prohibited in forests according to the Clean Water Act.
Usually drain rainwater not well.
Are designed to quickly drain road surfaces from the center of the road to the side ditches.
What is a disadvanged of insloped roads?
Water is draining to the uphill side and needs to be drained under the road through culverts.
They require a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers.
They are hard to traffick because of the uphill pitch.
Water is draining to the downhill side and might cause erosion.
Water is draining to the uphill side and needs to be drained under the road through culverts.
Turnout ditches …
Are sections in a forest road that allow vehicle traffic to pass loggin machinery.
Are only used in mountainous terrain.
Are the main cause of erosion in a forest.
Should be installed at appropriate intervals to disperse water collected in the road side ditches.
Should be installed at appropriate intervals to disperse water collected in the road side ditches.
Wetlands can be drained without permission.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
Wetlands fall under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
A permit of the Army Corps of Engineers is required for “normal” silvicultural activities in compliance with federal BMPs.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
A permit of the Army Corps of Engineers is required if the activity results in the immediate or gradual conversion of a wetland to an upland.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
A permit of the Army Corps of Engineers is required if the activity results in a change from the past, historical use of the wetland into a different use to which it was not previously subject.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
The use of herbicides is not permitted in a wetland.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
Mechanical site preparation should be excluded from soils with slopes greater than
25%
35%
20%
45%
25%
Mechanical site preparation: Bedding should be done
On slopes >5% along the contour and on slopes <5% following natural drainage of the land.
On slopes >2% along the contour and on slopes <2% following natural drainage of the land.
On slopes <5% along the contour and on slopes >5% following natural drainage of the land.
On slopes <2% along the contour and on slopes >2% following natural drainage of the land.
On slopes >2% along the contour and on slopes <2% following natural drainage of the land.
Disking should be done
Following the contour and restricted to slopes <30%.
Following the contour and restricted to slopes <20%.
Following the natural drainage and restricted to slopes <20%.
Following the contour and restricted to slopes <10%.
Following the contour and restricted to slopes <10%.
The sizing of a culvert diameter depends on:
The region and the drainage area.
The drainage area.
The aquatic organisms in that eco-region.
The region.
The region and the drainage area.
When can a perennial or intermittent stream be crossed without providing a normal passage for water or aquatic animals within the channel?
Only during droughts.
Only during the winter.
At no time.
Always.
At no time.
Stream crossings according to the Alabama’s Best Management Practices for Forestry include:
Log crossings, fords, and culverts.
Fords and log crossings.
Fords and culverts.
Culverts.
Log crossings, fords, and culverts.
When the logging operation is complete …
Log crossings can remain in place becasue they degrade over time.
all log crossings must be removed.
Log crossings have to be converted to permanent fords.
Log crossings can remain in place for later logging use.
all log crossings must be removed.
Culverts should extent at least …
One foot beyond the fill on either end.
One foot beyond the fill upstream.
One foot beyond the fill upstream and two feet beyond the fill downstream.
One foot beyond the fill downstream.
One foot beyond the fill on either end.
Culverts should be installed …
Leveled.
With a 2-3% pitch downstream for self-cleaning.
In an upright position to maximize drainage.
With a pitch upstream to create a pool and additional habitat.
With a 2-3% pitch downstream for self-cleaning.
What is the minimum width of a steamside management zone?
20 feet
35 feet
50 feet
10 feet
35 feet
A perennial stream …
only exists for a short period following precipitation or snowmelt.
flows underground.
flows all year round during years of normal rainfall.
flows for part of the year.
flows all year round during years of normal rainfall.
An ephemeral stream …
flows for part of the year.
only exists for a short period following precipitation or snowmelt.
flows all year round during years of normal rainfall.
flows underground.
only exists for a short period following precipitation or snowmelt.
An intermittent stream …
flows underground.
flows for part of the year.
flows all year-round during years of normal rainfall.
only exists for a short period following precipitation or snowmelt.
flows for part of the year.
In what order do you find these streams in a landscape?
A perennial stream flows into an intermittent stream, which flows into an ephemeral stream.
An ephemeral stream flows into an intermittent stream, which flows into a perennial stream.
An intermittent stream flows into an ephemeral stream, which flows into a perennial stream.
A perennial stream flows into an ephemeral stream, which flows into an intermittent stream.
An ephemeral stream flows into an intermittent stream, which flows into a perennial stream.
To improve shading in a Streamside Management Zone, trees in which direction of the stream should be maintained?
To the north and to the south.
To the south and to the west.
To the north.
To the north and to the east.
To the south and to the west.
Erosion Control Blanket: Which of the folling provides only the minimum amount of erosion resistance?
Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket
Permanent Erosion Control Blanket
Turf Reinforment Mat
Netting
Netting
Inlet protection is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Surface stabilization
Sediment Control
Which cross-sectional grass swale shapes are common?
Parabolic and triangular.
Round.
Triangular, parabolic, or trapezoidal.
Trapezoidal.
Triangular, parabolic, or trapezoidal.
When mulching a sloped area …
A properly anchored erosion control blanket to keep the mulch in place.
A special permit is required.
Only straw must be used.
Only HECPs are permitted.
A properly anchored erosion control blanket to keep the mulch in place.
Topsoiling is a practice of …
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Site preparation
Check dams: When is it necessary to excavate a shallow keyway across a channel?
In every check dam installation.
Never.
In compacted soils only.
In highly erosive soil conditions.
In highly erosive soil conditions.
The minium aggregate depth of a construction exit bad is:
12 inches
9 inches
3 inches
6 inches
6 inches
Sodding is a practice of …
Surface stabilization
Sediment Control
Site preparation
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Chemical Stabilization: Applying products like polyacrylamide (PAM) near natural water bodies …:
can improve receiving water quality.
is prohibited by the Clean Water Act.
requires the establishment of a buffer zone.
requires the establishment of a buffer zone.
Which 24-hour design storm criteria is typically used for permanent diversions?
2 to 5-year
100-year
10 to 50-year
10 to 100-year
10 to 50-year
Preservation of Vegetation: Site clearing should never be closer than
5 feet to a branch of a tree.
5 feet to the trunk of a tree.
50 feet to the trunk of a tree.
15 feet to the trunk of a tree.
5 feet to the trunk of a tree.
How is water from a sediment basin discharged under normal operating conditions?
Through a floating skimmer
It is not discharged, it is infiltrated
Through the storm drain
Through the spillway
Through a floating skimmer
Which 24-hour design storm criteria is typically used for temporary diversions on construction sites?
10 to 50-year
100-year
10 to 100-year
2 to 5-year
2 to 5-year
A favorable pH range for plant growth is usually:
4.0-8.0
7.0-8.0
6.0-6.5
6.0-7.5
6.0-6.5
Check dams are used for drainage areas of
5 acres or less.
1 acre or less.
1 acre and more.
10 acres or less.
1 acre or less.
Retaining wall is a practice of …
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Surface stabilization
What is the proper seedbed preparation for permanent seeding?
Tillage to a depth of 6 inches, application of lime and fertilizer.
Tillage to a depth of 6 inches, application of fertilizer.
Tillage to a depth of 6 inches.
Tillage to a depth of 6 inches, application of lime.
Tillage to a depth of 6 inches, application of lime and fertilizer.
Erosion control blanket is a practice of …
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Chemical stabilization is a practice of …
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
Surface stabilization
Floating turbidity barrier is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
Sediment Control
Sediment Control
Floating turbidity barrier is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
Sediment Control
Sediment Control
Filter strip is a practice of …
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Flocculants have to be used together with which best management practice?
Floating Turbidity Barrier.
Mulching.
Sediment Barrier.
Sediment Basin.
Sediment Basin.
Check dams have to be lined with
Straw.
Erosion control blankets.
Woven geotextile.
Non-woven geotextile.
Non-woven geotextile.
Preservation of vegetation is a practice of …
Site preparation
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Sediment Control
Surface stabilization
In a seeded area, what percentage of the ground surface should be visible after mulching?
30%
50%
5%
25%
25%
Mulching is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Surface stabilization
Check dams can be build as:
rock, wattle, silt fence, or sand bag check dam.
rock, silt fence, or sand bag check dam.
rock, wattle, or sand bag check dam.
wattle, silt fence, or sand bag check dam.
rock, wattle, silt fence, or sand bag check dam.
Check dam is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Runoff conveyance
Rock check dams should be installed with side slopes
2:1 or steeper.
1:2 or steeper.
2:1 or flatter.
1:2 or flatter.
2:1 or flatter.
Permanent seeding is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
Surface stabilization
Check dams
Reduce turbidity.
Improve infiltration capacities.
Reduce runoff.
Reduce channel erosion.
Reduce channel erosion.
Erosion Control Blanket: Which of the following provides erosion protection for 1 to 5 years?
Netting
Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket
Permanent Erosion Control Blanket
Turf Reinforcement Mat
Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket
Construction exit pad is a practice of …
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Site preparation
The minimum width of a construction exit bad is:
As required
50 feet
25 feet
30 feet
As required
How can you ensure that water runs over a check dam and not around it?
Materials are positioned to form a hyperbolic top perpendicularly to the channel flow.
The crest of the dam is installed level.
Materials are positioned to form a parabolic top perpendicularly to the channel flow.
A non-woven geotextile is positioned on the dam.
Materials are positioned to form a parabolic top perpendicularly to the channel flow.
Grass swale is a practice of …
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Runoff conveyance
Temporary seeding is a practice of …
Surface stabilization
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
The minimum length of a construction exit bad is:
25 feet
As required
50 feet
30 feet
50 feet
Sediment basin is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Surface stabilization
Site preparation
Sediment Control
Permanent seeding: If a soil test is not available, what is the recommended application rate of lime?
1 tons / acre on clayey and 2 ton / acre on sandy soils.
0.5 tons / acre.
2 tons / acre.
2 tons / acre on clayey and 1 ton / acre on sandy soils.
2 tons / acre on clayey and 1 ton / acre on sandy soils.
How is water from a sediment basin discharged during high rainfall?
Through a floating skimmer
Through the storm drain
It is not discharged, it is infiltrated
Through the spillway
Through the spillway
Outlet protection is a practice of …
Runoff conveyance
Sediment Control
Site preparation
Surface stabilization
Runoff conveyance
If installed correctly, check dams may capture
Mainly silt-sized sediments.
Suspended, clay-size sediments.
Mainly coarser sediments.
Mainly coarser sediments.
Flocculant is a practice of …
Sediment Control
Site preparation
Runoff conveyance
Surface stabilization
Sediment Control
Erosion Control Blanket: Which of the following provides erosion protection similar to stone or concrete liners?
Turf Reinforcement Mat
Netting
Permanent Erosion Control Blanket
Biodegradable Erosion Control Blanket
Turf Reinforcement Mat
The origin of PAH can be found out by calculating the ratios of individual PAH.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
Which are functions of LID? (Check ALL that apply)
Pollution prevention
Education
Infiltration
Detention
Pollution prevention
Education
Infiltration
Detention
The purpose of providing erosion and sediment control is to:
Give environmental activists something to do.
Cause undue hardship and expense on the developer and contractor.
Provide jobs for government employees.
Provide a means of construction without harming the environment through sediment pollution.
Provide a means of construction without harming the environment through sediment pollution.
A forebay is used in bioretention systems … (check ALL that apply).
To dose the stormwater.
To reduce sediment inputs on the bioretention cell.
To slow down stormwater so particles can settle out.
To reduce clogging of the bioretention media.
To reduce sediment inputs on the bioretention cell.
To slow down stormwater so particles can settle out.
To reduce clogging of the bioretention media.
Why is stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces a problem for receiving water bodies?
It improves water quality and stream hydrology
It reduces water quality
It affects stream hydrology
It reduces water quality and affects stream hydrology
It reduces water quality and affects stream hydrology
New constructions in Alabama are required to implement GSI practices according to the Alabama LID handbook.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
Which effects does sediment have on streams or lakes?
Smothers fish/insect habitat
All of the answers
Clogs fish gills
Carries phosphorus (P) and mercury (Hg ), and other contaminants
All of the answers
A single quart of motor oil dumped down a storm sewer creates an oil slick of what size?
1 acre
2 acres
100 sq feed
10 acres
2 acres
Nonpoint Source pollutants include:
Sediment, nutrients, and groundwater
All of the other answers
Pathogens, sediment, and temperature
Impervious surfaces, litter, and pathogens
Pathogens, sediment, and temperature
Toxicological studies oftentimes result in an LD rating of a chemical. What might be problematic about this approach? (check ALL that apply)
Long-term effects are not tested.
Usually, only one substance/pollutant is tested.
Physiological differences between the test and target organism may occur.
Only sublethal effects are being evaluated.
Long-term effects are not tested.
Usually, only one substance/pollutant is tested.
Physiological differences between the test and target organism may occur.
Sublethal effects …
Lead to immediate mortality of an organism.
Are not relevant in eco-toxiclogy since they are not lethal.
Have only been found in vertebrates.
Do not lead to immediate mortality of an organism, but results in lasting damage.
Do not lead to immediate mortality of an organism, but results in lasting damage.
Rain gardens and bioretention cells are designed to capture …
All runoff from an impermeable surface.
The first 1” of rainfall.
A 100-year 24h storm.
The first 0.5” of rainfall.
The first 1” of rainfall.
Which of the following water contaminants are NOT usually found in stormwater?
Contaminants from roads such as oil and heavy metals.
Pet waste.
Shampoo and personal care products.
Lawn or agricultural products such as fertilizers and pesticides.
Shampoo and personal care products.
Some Bioretention systems are designed with an underdrain. Check ALL correct statements.
Underdrains are installed when the native soil does not allow stormwater infiltration within 48-72h.
Underdrains are designed with an upturned elbow for internal water storage to promote denitrification.
Underdrains affect the residence time of stormwater in a bioretention system.
Underdrains improve infiltration into the soil.
Underdrains are installed when the native soil does not allow stormwater infiltration within 48-72h.
Underdrains are designed with an upturned elbow for internal water storage to promote denitrification.
Underdrains affect the residence time of stormwater in a bioretention system.
Organic matter is added to bioretention mixes (check ALL that apply)
Improve iron coating on the grains.
Increase retention of positively charged pollutants, such as heavy metals.
Promote plant growth.
Promote microbial communities.
Increase retention of positively charged pollutants, such as heavy metals.
Promote plant growth.
Promote microbial communities.
In an urbanized area, what percentage of the rainfall results in runoff?
80%
30%
10%
50%
50%
Urban trees play an important role in urban stormwater management. Check ALL correct statements.
Trees facilitate stormwater infiltration through their root network.
Trees transpire stormwater resulting in a cooling effect of the urban landscape.
Trees increase the urban heat island effect.
Trees intercept rainfall on their canopy.
Trees intercept rainfall on their canopy.
What type of driveway increases stormwater runoff?
Asphalt or concrete
Porous pavement
Soil
Gravel
Asphalt or concrete
The Alabama Bioretention media mix consists of:
85% sand, 5% fines, 10% organic matter
60% sand, 40% compost
85% sand, 10% fines, 5% organic matter
80% sand, 15% fines, 5% organic matter
85% sand, 10% fines, 5% organic matter
What is a watershed?
All the land right next to a stream or lake
None of them
Lowland areas surrounding a lake or stream
All the land areas that drain to a stream or lake
All the land areas that drain to a stream or lake
Recent research shows that water quality declines sharply when impervious cover (roads, driveways, roofs, etc.) in a watershed exceeds:
25%
10%
15%
40%
10%
Stormwater runoff affect the hydrology of the receiving water body. (Check ALL that apply)
More stormwater infiltrates.
Higher base flow rates result form stormwater runoff.
Peak flow arrives earlier in the stream.
More runoff reaches the receiving water body creating higher flow rates.
Peak flow arrives earlier in the stream.
More runoff reaches the receiving water body creating higher flow rates.
NPDES is an abbreviation of:
National Policy for Discharge of Erosion and Sediment
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Natural Protection of Developed Erosion Sites
National Pollutant Development and Elimination System
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
GSI stands for …
Graduate Stormwater Infrastructure
Genious Stormwater Infiltration
Gray Stormwater Infrastructure
Green Stormwater Infrastructure
Green Stormwater Infrastructure
Where is the best place to wash your car?
On your lawn
At a commercial carwash
On your driveway
At a commercial carwash
In a forested environment, what percentage of the rainfall results in runoff?
90%
30%
80%
10%
10%
LID stands for …
Low Immision Development
Low Impact Development
Lasting Improved Development
Least Impact Development
Low Impact Development
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) come from sources such as (check ALL that apply).
Combustion motors-based traffic.
Cooking oils.
Coal-fired power plants.
Lawn fertilizers.
Combustion motors-based traffic.
Cooking oils.
Coal-fired power plants.
Nutrients in stormwater typically come from:
Low density residential areas.
Commerical areas.
Industrial areas.
High density residential areas.
Low density residential areas.
In an urbanized area, what percentage of the rainfall results in infiltration?
70%
15%
60%
80%
15%
How do unsaturated soil conditions affect virus retention in an effluent drain field (check ALL that apply)?
They result in higher pore water velocities than under saturated conditions.
They increase the partitioning of viruses to the air-water interface.
They establish a water potential gradient that causes water to enter smaller soil pores, allowing for more opportunities for contact between virus particles and soil particle surfaces.
They increase the contact of viral particles with the soil.
They increase the partitioning of viruses to the air-water interface.
They establish a water potential gradient that causes water to enter smaller soil pores, allowing for more opportunities for contact between virus particles and soil particle surfaces.
They increase the contact of viral particles with the soil.
What is the minimum horizontal distance between an effluent drain field and wells and potable springs?
25 feet.
15 feet.
100 feet.
5 feet.
100 feet.
A small flow Onsite Wastewater Treatment System is a system with a design flow of:
1500 gallon per day or more.
900 gallon per day or less.
1,800 gallon per day or less.
600 gallon per day or less.
1,800 gallon per day or less.
What is the minimum horizontal distance between an effluent drain field and a property line?
25 feet.
5 feet.
15 feet.
20 feet.
5 feet.
Viruses can cause salmonellosis.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
What is the potential fate of ammonia (NH4+) in an effluent drain field (check ALL that apply)
It is mineralized by microbes.
It is oxidized to nitrate.
It is reduced to nitrogen gas (N2).
It is uptaken by a plant.
It is mineralized by microbes.
It is oxidized to nitrate.
It is uptaken by a plant.
Which organisms are predators of bacteria (check ALL that apply)?
Nematodes
Protozoa
Earth worms
Nematodes
Protozoa
Conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems are typically only driven by gravity.
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
In general, viruses are …
10 times larger than bacteria.
10 times smaller than bacteria.
100 times larger than bacteria.
100 times smaller than bacteria.
100 times smaller than bacteria.
The daily design flow is …
150 gallons per day (gpd) times the number of bedrooms times two.
150 gallons per day (gpd) times the number of bedrooms.
1000 gallon for a 4-bedroom-home.
150 gallons per day (gpd) times the number of residents.
150 gallons per day (gpd) times the number of bedrooms.
Which of the following is true for an effluent drain field in a sloped area?
The trenches are installed level with the contour and are connected with an overflow pipe.
The trenches are installed perpendicular to the contour in a herringbone fashion.
The trenches are leveled, and septic effluent is fed to them by pumping.
Effluent drain fields are not permitted on sloped soils.
The trenches are installed level with the contour and are connected with an overflow pipe.
What are the permit requirements for repairs of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems in Alabama?
A permit is required from the Alabama Department of Public Health.
There is no general permit requirement for repairs only for new installations.
No permit is required if repairs are being performed by a licensed engineer.
A permit is required from the Local Health Department.
A permit is required from the Local Health Department.
Redox features in a soil … (check ALL that apply)
May affect the minimum separation depth.
Are an indicator for seasonal groundwater levels.
Indicate that reducing conditions may be present during at least part of the year.
Increase retention of viruses.
May affect the minimum separation depth.
Are an indicator for seasonal groundwater levels.
Indicate that reducing conditions may be present during at least part of the year.
Both, biotic and abiotic processes in the septic and in the soil contribute to removal of contaminants from wastewater.
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
Bacteria can cause cholera.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
How many U.S. households are connected to an onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS)?
>25,000,000
<25,000,000
>50,000,000
10,000,000
> 25,000,000
Soil structure affects virus transport removal by controlling preferential flow, which allows percolating effluent to bypass large volumes of soil under saturated conditions.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
Straining and adsorption are mechanisms to remove …
Viruses.
Bacteria.
Bacteria and viruses.
Bacteria
A shallow placement system is a Conventional Onsite Wastewater Treatment System in that the trench bottom and sidewalls are located in unaltered natural soil, but that requires some amount of fill material above the effluent drain field in order to provide a minimum soil cover of 12 inches over the effluent drain field.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
What is the minimum horizontal distance between an effluent drain field and a surface water body?
50 feet.
15 feet.
25 feet.
20 feet.
50 feet.
The maximum depth of a trench of an effluent drain field in Alabama is:
120 inches.
48 inches.
2 feet.
60 inches.
60 inches.
Nitrogen is mostly present in form on nitrate in wastewater.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
A socially-dosed Onsite Wastewater Treatment System receives wastewater based on the water use practices of the house occupants.
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
The scum layer can be found …
neither of these places.
in a septic tank and on the outside perimeter of a drainage trench.
in a septic tank.
on the outside perimeter of a drainage trench.
in a septic tank.
The oxygen demand of wastewater refers to the amount of oxygen consumed as compounds present in water are oxidized chemically or biochemically. Which of the following is correct (Check all that apply)?
Carbonaceous BOD (cBOD) is the amount of O2 consumed in a wastewater sample when microbial oxidation of NH4+ is suppressed
The biochemical oxygen demand is larger than the chemical oxygen demand.
The biochemical oxygen demand is determined by incubation for 5 days.
The biochemical oxygen demand is smaller than the chemical oxygen demand.
Carbonaceous BOD (cBOD) is the amount of O2 consumed in a wastewater sample when microbial oxidation of NH4+ is suppressed
The actual flow of wastewater is typically …
larger than the design flow.
equal to the design flow.
smaller than the design flow.
smaller than the design flow.
What is the minimum horizontal distance between an effluent drain field and a basement or in-ground storm shelter?
15 feet.
10 feet.
50 feet.
25 feet.
15 feet.
Just like wastewater treatment plants, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems are monitored by the Public Health Department on a regular basis.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
Grazing on bacteria by protozoa and nematodes in soil - and by protozoa in sewage - exerts an important control on bacterial populations and communities.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
The pH in a soil environment … (check ALL that apply)
facilitates the retention of viruses if the pH is below the isoelectric point of the virus.
determines the presence/absence of an energy minimum in the diffuse double layer.
affects the retention of phosphorus.
affects the cation exchange capacity of the soil.
facilitates the retention of viruses if the pH is below the isoelectric point of the virus.
affects the retention of phosphorus.
affects the cation exchange capacity of the soil.
Viruses vary in shape, and their diameter ranges from …
200 to 300 nm.
2 to 3,000 nm.
20 to 3,000 nm.
20 to 300 nm.
20 to 300 nm.
What is the minimum lot size for establishing an Onsite Wastewater Treatment System?
25,000 square feet
25,000 square feet
0.5 acres
15,000 square feet
15,000 square feet
Conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems typically contain:
A septic tank, a distribution box, and a soil treatment area.
A septic tank, and a soil treatment area.
A septic tank, a pump, and a soil treatment area.
A septic tank, secondary treatment, a distribution box, and a soil treatment area.
A septic tank, a distribution box, and a soil treatment area.
The main function of the septic tank is to retain the solids present in wastewater.
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
What is the minimum horizontal distance between an effluent drain field and a building foundation?
15 feet.
10 feet.
20 feet.
5 feet.
5 feet.
Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand involves incubating a water sample with a known amount of a strong chemical oxidant under acidic conditions. The amount of oxidant consumed by the reaction is expressed as equivalents of O2 consumed per L of the sample.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
Precipitation or irrigation events can result in saturated flow in the drain field, which can remobilize adsorbed viruses.
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
An Onsite Wastewater Treatment System shall be designed by an engineer under the following conditions or circumstances (check ALL that apply):
Slopes over 25 percent.
The system has a design flow of more than 1,800 gpd of sewage.
For systems that need to be designed for correct gravity flow.
For any Conventional Onsite Wastewater Treatment System.
The lot is smaller than the minimum lot size requirements.
Slopes over 25 percent.
The system has a design flow of more than 1,800 gpd of sewage.
The lot is smaller than the minimum lot size requirements.
What is the minimum horizontal distance between an effluent drain field and a potable (drinkable) water line?
10 feet.
20 feet.
5 feet.
15 feet.
5 feet.
What is the minimum hydraulic retention time of wastewater in a septic tank for particle separation to occur?
12 hours
2 days
3 days
1 day
2 days
Why should humans be concerned about UAS?
Because they impact the greatest number of people given the fact that many people live in urban areas.
Because the highest percentage of soils are UAS.
Because they impact the greatest number of people given the fact that many people live in urban areas
Urbanization involves:
large-scale disturbance of soil
sealing of soil beneath impervious surfaces
both
both
Jenny’s model from 1941 included five soil-forming factors. Which factor have human activities been considered to be part of?
climate
landscape
organisms
parent material
time
organisms
Urban soils are typically ___ than rural soils as a consequence of the urban heat-island effect.
warmer
Match the description to the correct anthropogenic process.
- Metapedogenesis
- Tehnopedogenesis
- Ekranopedogenesis
Process where pre-existing soils are sealed beneath the pavement and other impervious structures and materials.
A process where a new soil profile is developed in artifact-bearing, human-deposited sediment comprised of a mechanical mixture of earth materials.
A process in which humans modify a pre-existing natural soil to produce a new profile requiring classification as a different type of soil.
- Metapedogenesis - A process in which humans modify a pre-existing natural soil to produce a new profile requiring classification as a different type of soil.
- Tehnopedogenesis - A process where a new soil profile is developed in artifact-bearing, human-deposited sediment comprised of a mechanical mixture of earth materials.
- Ekranopedogenesis - Process where pre-existing soils are sealed beneath the pavement and other impervious structures and materials.
Sealed soils are classified as soil in US Soil Taxonomy.
True
False
False
In US Soil Taxonomy the presence of artifacts is designated with the letter:
U
