key words specific to next mondays test Flashcards
methodology
the type of scientific procedures or methods used in research e.g. experiments, observations and surveys
generalisability
the extent to which the findings of a study could be applied to a wider population than just those individuals who took part in the research.
operationalisation
turning abstract concepts into measurable observations e.g. you cant measure anxiety but rating it on a scale on a survey
objectivity
refers to how research should be free of bias and personal ideas e.g. a researcher not including there personal beliefs on a study they are doing
subjectivity
when bias and personal opinions are part of a judgement e.g. if u have a bad experience w smthg and then viewing that particular thing in a negative way due to ur bad experience
reliability
refers to the consistency of a measure e.g. a test would give the same result if it was reliable
validity
refers to how accurately research reflects what is being tested e.g. does it measure what its supposed to measure
credibility
how trustworthy and believable a piece of work or research is e.g. work that has been peer reviewed by lots of other ppl would be considered credible
empiricism
the idea that scientific research should be based on what be directly observed and measured e.g. people are more likely to believe data backed up by stats rather than data with no stats
reductionism
to focus on one small area in isolation rather than look at the whole area e.g.
nomothetic
the nomothetic approach involves establishing laws or generalizations that apply to all people
idiographic
studying individuals in terms of their uniqueness
peer review
process that takes place before a study is published to check the quality and validity of the research e.g. getting other researchers to check your work b4 publishing
falsification
the possibility that a theory or hypothesis can be proven false by an experiment or observation e.g. all swans are white can be falsified by there being a black swan
hypothesis testing
what you expect to happen / prediction e.g. predicting certain results in an experiment and testing for it
ethnocentric bias
when perceptions of others are influenced by the culture of someone’s own ethnic group e.g. cultures that don’t use chopsticks may find cultures that use chopsticks weird and unnecessary when knives and forks exists
EMIC
constructs which occur in only one culture e.g. gender perspectives on women
ETIC
constructs which apply to everyone and occurs in all cultures e.g. respecting parents
androcentric
research from a male perspective e.g. using male terms and images to represent everyone
alpha bias
research that exaggerates the difference between men and women and perpetuates gender stereotypes e.g. saying that male traits are the norm and female traits are weird
beta bias
research that minimises the differences between men and women when certain differences do exist e.g. assuming that research done on males can be applied to females
demand characteristics
refers to how the results of an experiment are biased as participants have subconsciously changed themselves to fit that interpretation e.g. assuming that experimenters want participants to think in a different way to achieve certain results
researcher bias
when researchers have influenced the systematic investigation to arrive at certain outcomes e.g. excluding ethnic minorities or only focusing on ethnic minorities
independent measures design
when different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable e.g. a drug trial for a new pharmaceutical would use different participants to try the placebo and the actual drug
repeated measures design
when participants in an experiment are tested for multiple conditions over time or under different conditions e.g. diabetes patients may be given medications to see the effects of it over a period of time
