key words specific to next mondays test

Question 1

methodology

Answer 1

the type of scientific procedures or methods used in research e.g. experiments, observations and surveys

Question 2

generalisability

Answer 2

the extent to which the findings of a study could be applied to a wider population than just those individuals who took part in the research.

Question 3

operationalisation

Answer 3

turning abstract concepts into measurable observations e.g. you cant measure anxiety but rating it on a scale on a survey

Question 4

objectivity

Answer 4

refers to how research should be free of bias and personal ideas e.g. a researcher not including there personal beliefs on a study they are doing

Question 5

subjectivity

Answer 5

when bias and personal opinions are part of a judgement e.g. if u have a bad experience w smthg and then viewing that particular thing in a negative way due to ur bad experience

Question 6

reliability

Answer 6

refers to the consistency of a measure e.g. a test would give the same result if it was reliable

Question 7

validity

Answer 7

refers to how accurately research reflects what is being tested e.g. does it measure what its supposed to measure

Question 8

credibility

Answer 8

how trustworthy and believable a piece of work or research is e.g. work that has been peer reviewed by lots of other ppl would be considered credible

Question 9

empiricism

Answer 9

the idea that scientific research should be based on what be directly observed and measured e.g. people are more likely to believe data backed up by stats rather than data with no stats

Question 10

reductionism

Answer 10

to focus on one small area in isolation rather than look at the whole area e.g.

Question 11

nomothetic

Answer 11

the nomothetic approach involves establishing laws or generalizations that apply to all people

Question 12

idiographic

Answer 12

studying individuals in terms of their uniqueness

Question 13

peer review

Answer 13

process that takes place before a study is published to check the quality and validity of the research e.g. getting other researchers to check your work b4 publishing

Question 14

falsification

Answer 14

the possibility that a theory or hypothesis can be proven false by an experiment or observation e.g. all swans are white can be falsified by there being a black swan

Question 15

hypothesis testing

Answer 15

what you expect to happen / prediction e.g. predicting certain results in an experiment and testing for it

Question 16

ethnocentric bias

Answer 16

when perceptions of others are influenced by the culture of someone’s own ethnic group e.g. cultures that don’t use chopsticks may find cultures that use chopsticks weird and unnecessary when knives and forks exists

Question 17

EMIC

Answer 17

constructs which occur in only one culture e.g. gender perspectives on women

Question 18

ETIC

Answer 18

constructs which apply to everyone and occurs in all cultures e.g. respecting parents

Question 19

androcentric

Answer 19

research from a male perspective e.g. using male terms and images to represent everyone

Question 20

alpha bias

Answer 20

research that exaggerates the difference between men and women and perpetuates gender stereotypes e.g. saying that male traits are the norm and female traits are weird

Question 21

beta bias

Answer 21

research that minimises the differences between men and women when certain differences do exist e.g. assuming that research done on males can be applied to females

Question 22

demand characteristics

Answer 22

refers to how the results of an experiment are biased as participants have subconsciously changed themselves to fit that interpretation e.g. assuming that experimenters want participants to think in a different way to achieve certain results

Question 23

researcher bias

Answer 23

when researchers have influenced the systematic investigation to arrive at certain outcomes e.g. excluding ethnic minorities or only focusing on ethnic minorities

Question 24

independent measures design

Answer 24

when different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable e.g. a drug trial for a new pharmaceutical would use different participants to try the placebo and the actual drug

Question 25

repeated measures design

Answer 25

when participants in an experiment are tested for multiple conditions over time or under different conditions e.g. diabetes patients may be given medications to see the effects of it over a period of time