Key words for diabetes and integument

Question 1

Dermis

Answer 1

inside most layer of skin

Question 2

epidermis

Answer 2

middle layer of skin

Question 3

edema vs pitting edema

Answer 3

pitting: related to fluid status, graded on a scale 1+ to 4+ - will rebound

non-pitting edema: more like swelling related to injury, HARD

Question 4

pallor

Answer 4

loss of color
in black skin tones can be a grey color
look in mucous membranes
indications: anemia, shock, lack of blood flow

Question 5

cyanosis

Answer 5

bluish discoloration in skin
in brown skin tones it can turn yellow-brown or grey
look at nail beds, lips, mucousa
indications: hypoxia (lack of oxygen), impaired venous return

Question 6

jaundice

Answer 6

yellow discoloration
look at sclera, skin, mucous membranes
indications: liver dysfunction (RBC destruction)

Question 7

erythema

Answer 7

redness
difficult to see in darker skin tones
palpate skin as well to feel for warmth and texture changes
look at face, skin, pressure prone areas
indications: inflammation, vasodilation, sun exposure, elevated body temp

Question 8

shear

Answer 8

sliding movement of skin and subcutaneous tissue when muscle and bone are not moving

Question 9

friction

Answer 9

two surfaces moving across one another

Question 10

moisture

Answer 10

duration and amount of moisture determine risk

Question 11

ischemia

Answer 11

pressure applied over a capillary (in the skin) exceeds normal capillary pressure

Question 12

necrosis

Answer 12

death of most or all of the cells of an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of blood supply

Question 13

MASD

Answer 13

Moisture Associated Skin Damage
when skin is moist it is more susceptible to infection and more susceptible to damage from pathogens
EX. incontinence, intertriginous, periwound

Question 14

Intertriginous

Answer 14

inflammatory dermatitis related to moist skin rubbing against each other
EX. under breasts

Question 15

Acute

Answer 15

proceeds through normal/timely repair process
results in return to normal/sustained function and anatomical integrity
EX. trauma/surgical incision

Question 16

Chronic

Answer 16

wound that fails to proceed through normal healing process
does not return to normal function/anatomical integrity
EX. pressure ulcer, vascular insufficiency wound

Question 17

insulin resistance

Answer 17

cause of type 2 diabetes

the cells do not respond like they are supposed to

Question 18

polydipsia

Answer 18

excessive thirst

sign of type 1

Question 19

polyphagia

Answer 19

excessive hunger

sign of type 1

Question 20

polyuria

Answer 20

frequent urination

sign of type 1

Question 21

ketones (urine ketones)

Answer 21

high ketones are associated with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

ketone bodies - substance that are composed of these acid breakdown products

Question 22

basal insulin

Answer 22

background insulin
body uses it throughout the day
combined with “mealtime” insulin

Question 23

NPO

Answer 23

nothing by mouth
if low blood sugar (hypoglycemic) give IV D50
hospital policy will determine how much insulin we will give

Question 24

hypoglycemia

Answer 24

blood sugar < 70
if blood sugar is low give 15 g of simple carbohydrates, check in 15 min, should increase blood sugar by 50, if still < 70 repeat
S/S: sweating, blurry vision, dizziness, anxiety, hunger, irritability, shakiness, fast HR, headache, fatigue

Question 25

hyperglycemia

Answer 25

random blood glucose > 200 mL/dL cause: illness, infection, self-management issues, stress s/s: weakness, fatigue, blurry vision, headache, N/V/D treatment: check for ketones in urine, insulin, drink fluids

Question 26

continuous glucose monitoring

Answer 26

more common in type 1 | checking blood sugar on phone

Question 27

retinopathy

Answer 27

damage to retina related to chronic hyperglycemia

Question 28

nephropathy

Answer 28

damage to small blood vessels in the kidneys

Question 29

neuropathy

Answer 29

nerve damage due to metabolic imbalances associated with hyperglycemia