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Structure of the heart > Key Words for Biology Revision > Flashcards

Key Words for Biology Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Red blood cells

A

Red blood cells structure 45% of blood in the body. They help carry oxygen to various parts of the body, such as organs and tissues.

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2
Q

Three adaptations of red blood cells

A
  • Biconcave disc shape that allows them to pass through capillaries more easily
  • Has no nucleus within its internal structure, meaning that it has a large surface area to carry oxygen.
  • Carries haemoglobin, which will eventually bond with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
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3
Q

Multipotent

A

Multi potent refers to embryonic stem cells that are able to differentiate into other types of cells within the human body. These cells may include: nerve cells, red blood cells and muscle cells.

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4
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

The sperm cells ‘ primary goal is to fertilise with the female egg cell.

Adaptations of the sperm cell:

  • Has digestive enzymes in the arosome , that helps break downs the membrane of the egg cell, thus allowing fertilisation to occur.
  • Has many mitochondria in the centriode, that provides energy for the sperm cell to move towards the egg cell.
  • The Axial filament is the tail of the sperm cell, that allows it to swim towards the egg cell.
  • The nucleus contains 23 genetic chromosomes, that will attach with the 23 chromosomes of the egg cell, to for, a complete structure of DNA.
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5
Q

Nerve cell adaptations

A

The nerve cell helps move electrical impulses to various different parts of the body.

Adaptations of the nerve cell:

  • The dendrittes at the head of the nerve cell attaches to various other nerve cells, as to obtain the electrical impulse.
  • The Merylin sheath helps insulate the axon, when an electrical message is going through it.
  • Nerve cells are usually long in proportion, allowing the electrical message to travel as quickly as possible to the body.
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6
Q

Resolution

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish the distance between two points in an image.

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7
Q

Organ system

A

An organ system is a collective group of organs with an organism, that help to perform one particular function. Organ systems within the body include: the digestive system; the circulatory system as well as the nervous system.

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8
Q

What are denatured enzymes ?

A

A denatured enzyme is when an enzyme has gone past its optimum temperature ( the maximum temperature it can operate within ) , and its active sight begins to misshape. This then means that no substrate can enter into the active sight, allowing for no reactions to occur.

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9
Q

Cell membrane

A

A cell membrane is made up of cellulose, and controls what substances are able to enter or leave the cell it’s is operating within. A cell membrane can be found in eukaryotic cell structures.

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10
Q

What is protease ?

A

Protease is an enzyme within the body that helps break down any substances containing protein. Such substances may include: meat and fish. Protease breaks down proteins from an amino chain structure, into small amino acids.

The enzyme itself is made in the small intestine, pancreas

The protease enzyme breaks down in the stomach as well as small intestine.

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11
Q

What is carbohydrate ?

A

Carbohydrase is an enzyme that helps break down substances that contain carbohydrates.

They break carbohydrates down from a starch molecule, to small simple sugars.

The enzyme itself is made in the salivary glands of the pancreas, and operates in the mouth as well as small intestine.k

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12
Q

What is Lipase ?

A

Lipase is an enzyme that helps break down substances containing Lipids or fats.

Lipase helps break down the fat from a full try-glycerol, into three separate fatty acids and one glycerol.

Lipase is made within the pancreas and small intestine, and breaks down lipids only in the small intestine.

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13
Q

What are embryonic stem cells ?

A

An embryonic stem cell can be located within the embryo of a pregnant female. The stem cells are multi potent, meaning that they can differentiate in to various types of body cells. Such cells may include: red blood cells, nerve cells as well as white blood cells.

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14
Q

What are the scientific benefits of using embryonic stem cells ?

A

As the cells can differentiate into other types of body cells, they can be used to treat certain health issues. One of the health issues that stem cells can help cure, is that of paralysis.

Stem cells are able to cure paralysis, due to how it can make new nerve cells that will allow the muscles to move.

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm ?

A

The cytoplasm is the white liquid within an animal cell as well as plant cell. The cytoplasm is the area of the cell where chemical reactions occur. One of these chemical reactions is that of photosynthesis in plant cells.

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16
Q

What is a nucleus ?

A

The nucleus is an organelle that can be located in both plant and animal cells.

A nucleus is usually spherical in shape.

A nucleus serves two primary functions. These functions include: containing the genetic material of the cell, as well as controlling the activities of what occurs within the interior of the cell.

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17
Q

What are chromosomes ?

A

Chromosomes are composed by a molecule called DNA, as well as proteins.

Chromosomes contain the genetic material of an organism (e.g human being) and can be located within the nucleus of a cell.

In all , a human being has 46 chromosomes that help make up their DNA. 23 of the chromosomes are from the male sperm cell, and the other 23 are from the female egg cell.

They are long, and have a coil like structure.

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18
Q

What is a gene ?

A

A gene can be located within the structure of a chromosome molecule.

Being a particular section of a chromosome, the gene codes a certain type of characteristic for the human being. Such characteristics may include: height, eye colour or hair colour.

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19
Q

What are eukaryotic cells ?

A

Eukaryotic cells are slightly more complex organisms then that of prokaryotic cells. They contain a central nucleus within the cytoplasm. This nucleus contains all the genetic information of the organism.

Eukaryotic cells can be located within: all animals, plants and fungi

Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells.

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20
Q

What are prokaryotic cells ?

A

Prokaryotic cells are single called organisms, that do not contain a true nucleus within the cytoplasm. Instead, they have a single strand of genetic material in their structure.

Prokaryotic cells have flagella at the side of its cell wall, that helps it to move in various other directions.

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21
Q

Types of solutions

A

Hypotonic solutions: When there is a high water potential inside the cell, and a small sugar concentration.

Hypertonic: When there is a high sugar potential inside the cell, and a low water concentration.

Isotonic solutions: When there is an equal concentration of both water and sugar inside the cell.

22
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion ?

A

Distance: The shorter the distance the molecule is required to travel to, then the faster it will go. The longer the distance, then in turn the slower the molecule travels.

Temperature: If the temperature of the environment is cold, then the faster it will travel. However, if the molecule is in a warm environment, it will diffuse slower.

Concentration gradient: If the concentration gradient is more heavy outside the cell, then the molecule will diffuse at a slower rate.

23
Q

What is active transport ?

A

Active transport is the movement of dissolved molecules into and out of a cell against a concentration gradient .

Active transport requires ATP energy in order to function.

24
Q

What are TEM and SEM microscopes ?

A

TEM are transition electron microscopes, that allow a person to see an object in a two dimensional form.

SEM are scanning electron microscopes, that permit people to see an object in a three dimensional format.

25
Q

What are adult stem cells ?

A

Adult stem cells can be located with the bone marrow of a person’s body, and are pluripotent.

Pluripotent refers to how stem cell can differentiate into a specific amount of other body cells . For instance, an adult stem cell can sometimes only turn into blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Although they are able to turn into different types of cells, scientists are usually looking to use embryonic stem cells. This is so, due to how they can turn into all types of body cells. However, as there are restrictions on embryonic stem cell use, scientists are sometimes required to use adult stem cell samples.

26
Q

What are some of the problems with scientists using embryonic stem cells ?

A

They go against the Christian belief of the sanctity of life, meaning that all life that God has created is precious, and can not be taken away from any human.

Some people believe that it is incorrect to end one persons life, in order to preserve another.

The embryo has no say on wether it desires to continue living, thus to take away its life maybe classified as murder to some individuals.

27
Q

What is the function of the cell wall ?

A

The cell wall helps to retain the shape of the whole cell, thus preventing it from collapsing. A cell wall can only be located in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Cell walls can not be located within the structure of a cell wall.

28
Q

What are some of the adaptations of muscle cells ?

A

One of the central adaptations of muscle cells, is that it has many mitochondria. These mitochondria provide energy for the muscle cells to contract or relax.

29
Q

What are the adaptations of a root hair cell ?

A

Have a large surface area within its structure, that allows a high amount of water minerals to enter through and be stored. These water minerals will then be taken to a plant’s leaves.

30
Q

What are Xylem cells ?

A

Xylem cells help transport water and other substances to a plants leaves.

The water from the leaves will then evaporate in the process of transpiration.

31
Q

What are Phloem cells ?

A

Phloem cells are located within a plant organism, and help in the process of translocation.

Translocation is the movement of substances, such as water and food, to growing and storage tissues in the plant.

32
Q

What is blood Plasma ?

A

Plasma is a yellow straw like coloured liquid, that helps to make up about 55% of blood. Plasma contains such substances as. : water, salt , proteins , enzymes and antibodies.

The primary function of plasma, is to transport nutrients hormones and proteins to various parts of the body.

33
Q

What is active transport ?

A

Active transport is the movement of dissolved molecules into and out of a cell against a concentration gradient .

Active transport requires ATP energy in order to function.

34
Q

What are TEM and SEM microscopes ?

A

TEM are transition electron microscopes, that allow a person to see an object in a two dimensional form.

SEM are scanning electron microscopes, that permit people to see an object in a three dimensional format.

35
Q

What are adult stem cells ?

A

Adult stem cells can be located with the bone marrow of a person’s body, and are pluripotent.

Pluripotent refers to how stem cell can differentiate into a specific amount of other body cells . For instance, an adult stem cell can sometimes only turn into blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Although they are able to turn into different types of cells, scientists are usually looking to use embryonic stem cells. This is so, due to how they can turn into all types of body cells. However, as there are restrictions on embryonic stem cell use, scientists are sometimes required to use adult stem cell samples.

36
Q

What are some of the problems with scientists using embryonic stem cells ?

A

They go against the Christian belief of the sanctity of life, meaning that all life that God has created is precious, and can not be taken away from any human.

Some people believe that it is incorrect to end one persons life, in order to preserve another.

The embryo has no say on wether it desires to continue living, thus to take away its life maybe classified as murder to some individuals.

37
Q

What is the function of the cell wall ?

A

The cell wall helps to retain the shape of the whole cell, thus preventing it from collapsing. A cell wall can only be located in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Cell walls can not be located within the structure of a cell wall.

38
Q

What are some of the adaptations of muscle cells ?

A

One of the central adaptations of muscle cells, is that it has many mitochondria. These mitochondria provide energy for the muscle cells to contract or relax.

39
Q

What are the adaptations of a root hair cell ?

A

Have a large surface area within its structure, that allows a high amount of water minerals to enter through and be stored. These water minerals will then be taken to a plant’s leaves.

40
Q

What are Xylem cells ?

A

Xylem cells help transport water and other substances to a plants leaves.

The water from the leaves will then evaporate in the process of transpiration.

41
Q

What are Phloem cells ?

A

Phloem cells are located within a plant organism, and help in the process of translocation.

Translocation is the movement of substances, such as water and food, to growing and storage tissues in the plant.

42
Q

What is blood Plasma ?

A

Plasma is a yellow straw like coloured liquid, that helps to make up about 55% of blood. Plasma contains such substances as. : water, salt , proteins , enzymes and antibodies.

The primary function of plasma, is to transport nutrients hormones and proteins to various parts of the body.

43
Q

The heart

A

The heart is an organ in the human body, which helps to pump oxygenated blood to all areas of the body, through various artery networks.

44
Q

What are tissues ?

A

Tissues are a collective group of cells working together , in order to complete one central function .

I.e Muscular tissue : Helps to move the stomach wall in order to churn up the food.

45
Q

What is an organ ?

A

An organ is composed of a collective group of tissues, which also work together in order to complete one function.

I.e The heart: Helps to pump oxygenated blood all around the body

46
Q

What is an organ system ?

A

An organ system is a collective group of organs working together , in order to complete a certain function for the body.

I.e Digestive system : Absorbs nutrients into the blood stream
Excretes any unwanted products out of the body

47
Q

What is Bile ?

A

Bile is a dark green liquid that helps to neutralise the already acidic food from the stomach, as to allow the enzyme’s in the small intestine to operate at a better efficiency.

  • Bile itself is made in the liver
  • It is stored in the gall bladder
  • it operates in the small intestine, where it emulsifies the lipids into smaller droplets.
48
Q

What is interphase ?

A

The longest process of the cell cycle , interphase is the process in which the genetic strands of DNA replicate themselves, in order to progress to the next stage of mitosis.

The DNA replicates itself, as to ensure that the new cells that are being made have all the correct amount and type of genetic material as the other cells.

49
Q

What is the liver ?

A

The liver is an organ in the human digestive system that helps to creat the green alkaline liquid, Bile.

The liver transfers the Bile to the gall bladder, where it will be stored until the food passes the small intestine.

50
Q

What is therapeutic cloning ?

A

Therapeutic cloning refers to the process of when scientists remove the nucleus of an embryonic stem cell, and in turn place it within an unfertilised egg cell.

This will then allow an embryo to be formed over a period of three days. Once these three days have finished, the scientists will remove the embryonic cells and place them into a small dish.

This dish will then see the creation of stem cells, which will be used later on for any scientific or medical requirements.

E.g the stem cells can differentiate into nerve cells, and be injected into a person who has paralysis.

51
Q

What is a zygote ?

A

After the male sperm cell has entered the female egg cell and fuse, the primary product of the two is a zygote. After the zygote, the product will progress into an embryo and then eventually a foetus.

52
Q

What is meant by concentrated ?

A

Concentrated refers to a particular area in an organism, that has either a high or low amount o a particular substance.

Structure of the heart (11 decks)

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