Key Words Flashcards
What is Mode
Method of communication (spoken, written, multimodal)
What is a Field
What the text is about, may include use of specialist or non specialist language, particular occupations, professions or areas of interest have their own specialised vocabulary, sometimes referred to as jargon
What is Function
Intended purpose of the text, depends on function, social situation, social language, or language to inform or persuade might be used
What is Audience
Intended recipients, includes relationship/assumed relationship between speaker/hearer, or writer/reader, can include synthetic personalisation
What is Phonetics
Study of how the human vocal tract produces sound and of the ways these sounds can be recorded and studied
What is Phonology
Deal with how sounds work to create meaning in language
What is Prosody/Suprasegmental features
The lexical significant elements of the utterance, or words, including non fluency features like “erm”, where extra meaning is added by stress, rhythm, pitch, intonation and volume (these all being features)
What is Lexis
Deals with how words enter our language, become obsolete, and the vocabulary of English and the changes in it both socially and historically
What is Morphology
The study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language
What is Syntax
Word order
What is Semantics
Analysis of word meanings
What is Discourse
Conversation and interaction, it’s about text type and text structures
What is Pragmatics
Context
What is Graphology
Everything to do with texts and writing
What is a Phoneme
Phoneme, in linguistics, smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another, as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.”
What is a Syllable
A syllable is a part of a word that contains sounds (phonemes) of a word. It usually has a vowel in it.
What is Accommodation
Changing ones self through either Convergence or Divergence to a certain situation
What is the IPA (international phonetic alphabet)
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form.
What is Diphthong
a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another (as in coin, loud, and side ).
What is a Hypernym
a hypernym is a word whose meaning includes the meanings of other words. For instance, flower is a hypernym of daisy and rose
What is Register
The way you speak depending on the situation
What is Idiolect
An individuals way of speaking that is unique to them (vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation)
What is Dialect
A form of language that people speak depending on social or geographical factors
What is Sociolect
The way in which a particular social group speak
What is a concrete noun
Noun denoting a material object that is tangible
What is an Abstract noun
A noun denoting to something that is intangible
What is a collective noun
A grouped party of nouns
What is a proper noun
A noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity, like a name
What is a common noun
A noun that refers to a class of entities and may be used when referring to instances of classes
What is a conjunction
A word to connect clauses or sentences, such as and, but, if
What is a preposition
Words that fill in the blanks in a sentence, can be viewed as glue words, such as on, to, from, in, by and out
What is an adjective
Described and qualifies noun, or an attribute of a noun, such as red or technical
What is dialectics
a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned methods of argumentation. the art of determining the truth by the logical exchange of ideas and opinions
What are discourse markers
A discourse marker is a word or a phrase that plays a role in managing the flow and structure of discourse
What is Occupational register
a technical vocabulary associated with a particular occupation or activity
What is a word class
a word class is a set of words that display the same formal properties
What is Deixis
the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context
What is irony
the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of what is actually said
What is a possessive pronoun?
A word that denotes ownership, mine and yours
What is an interrogative pronoun?
Used to question, such as who what where and why
What are verbs?
A word that denotes action
What is a dynamic verb?
A word of action that is tangible, dive or sprint
What is a stative verb?
A verb that does not refer to a physical action, they express a state or condition, like thinking or worrying
What is an adverb?
A word that modifies or shows how a verb is played out such as slowly, rapidly or badly
What is intertextuality?
A process which texts borrow from or refer to conventions of other texts for a specific purpose and effect
What is an antonym?
A word that’s opposite to another word, such as hot and cold
What is a homophone?
A word that sounds the same to another word such as “their” and “they’re”
What is a pronoun?
A word that substitutes for a noun, he or she
What is a euphemism?
Words that are more socially acceptable
What is a dysphemism?
Words that are less socially acceptable
What is a descriptive writing?
Taking an approach to language and study that focussed on how language is used
What is prescriptive writing?
Taking an approach to writing on rules of notion and correctness
What is onomatopoeia?
A word that sounds like the action, breaks down into lexical and non lexical onomatopoeia
What is schema?
A bundle of knowledge
What is positive face need?
A universal human need to feel valued and appreciated
What is negative face need?
A universal human need to feel independent and not be imposed upon
What is a face threatening act?
An act of speech that has the potential to damage someone’s self esteem
What is a false start?
When a speaker begins to speak, stops then starts again
What is repair?
When a speaker corrects some aspects of what they have said, either grammatically or lexically
What is a skip connector?
A word or phrase that returns the conversation to a previous topic
What is speaker support?
Words or phrases that show attention or agreement and encourage a speaker to carry on talking
What is the frozen level of formality?
The most formal level of language
What is the formal level of language?
The level that is normally used by a speaker addressing an audience where interruption and interaction are not normally permitted
What is the consultive level of language?
The level of formality normally used in exchanges between people who are not family, friends, or acquaintances, but where interaction between and among speakers is the norm
What is the causal level of language?
Used between people who know each other well in informal setting, colloquial
What is a topic sentence?
The first line in a paragraph that tells you what the paragraph is going to be about
What is the subtext?
The underlying or implied meaning of a text
What is a tag question?
A short question used at the end of a sentence often inciting agreement with the speaker
What is plain English?
Communication your audience can understand the first time they read it
What is face work?
The effort we put in to manage our public image
What is positive politeness?
Using language that would seem appealing and friendly, choosing language that bridges closeness, includes juxtaposing criticisms with compliments, establishing common ground, using jokes, nicknames, tag questions, spearfish discourse markers “please” and in group slang/jargon
What is negative politeness?
Making a request less intriguing such as “if you don’t mind” or “if it isn’t too much trouble…” which respects a persons right to act freely
What is a face saving act?
Saying something that reduces a possible threat to another persons self image
What is a cryptolect?
Language used to confuse and exclude others while others can still understand
What is rhetoric?
The art of persuasion or means by which language can be manipulated to persuade an audience
What is Anaphora?
Repetition of words at the beginning of a sentence, such as Martin Luther King “I have a dream, I have a dream, I have a dream”
What is deliberative rhetoric?
Policy, or persuasion on making laws, campaigns, movements and advertisement
What is forensic rhetoric?
Fact finding for justice, such as in a court of law
What is Epideictic Rhetoric?
Ritual entertainment to promote community values, such as rituals or ceremonies
What is ethos?
The credibility and trust of a speaker, can be shown through credibility and a big name title. Refers to the writer
What is pathos?
Emotion and empathy, the appeal of pathos in a speech makes a person feel excited, sad, angry, and a number of different emotions that may sway them to your persuasion. Refers to the audience
What is logos?
Logos is the reasoned argument, the facts and proof to a claim. Refers to the text
What is hyperbole?
Exaggeration for effect
What is alliteration?
The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of closely connected words
What is sibilance?
Strongly stressed consonants are created deliberately by producing air from vocal tracts through the use of lips and tongue, normally S
What is Fricative?
denoting a type of consonant made by the friction of breath in a narrow opening, producing a turbulent air flow, normally an F and Th
What are superlative and comparative adjectives?
A Comparative Adjective is a word that describes a noun by comparing it to another noun (better, less, more, elder). Comparative adjectives typically end in ‘er’ and are followed by the word ‘than’. A Superlative Adjective is a word that describes a noun by comparing it to two or more nouns to the highest or lowest degree (best, least, most, eldest)
What is a coordinated and subordinate conjunction?
Coordinating conjunctions include FANBOYS for and nor but or yet so. Subordinate conjunctions include because, although, since and before
